Abstract
BACKGROUND: Auxins play an important role in plant growth and development; the auxins responsive gene; auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA), small auxin-up RNAs (SAUR) and Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) control their mechanisms. The GH3 genes function in homeostasis by the catalytic activities in auxin conjugation and bounding free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids. RESULTS: In our study, we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species; Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, analyzed their chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, cis-regulatory element function and performed virus induced gene silencing of the novel Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) gene. The phylogenetic tree showed four clusters of genes with clade 1, 3 and 4 having mainly members of the GH3 of the cotton species while clade 2 was mainly members belonging to Arabidopsis. There were no paralogous genes, and few orthologous genes were observed between Gossypium and other species. All the GO terms were detected, but only 14 genes were found to have described GO terms in upland cotton, more biological functions were detected, as compared to the other functions. The GH3.17 subfamily harbored the highest number of the cis-regulatory elements, most having promoters towards dehydration-responsiveness. The RNA expression analysis revealed that 10 and 8 genes in drought and salinity stress conditions respectively were upregulated in G. hirsutum. All the genes that were upregulated in plants under salt stress conditions were also upregulated in drought stress; moreover, Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) exhibited a significant upregulation across the two stress factors. Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that the VIGS plants ability to tolerate drought and salt stresses was significantly reduced compared to the wild types. The chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration level were reduced significantly while malondialdehyde concentration and ion leakage as a measure of cell membrane stability (CMS) increased in VIGS plants under drought and salt stress conditions. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the significance of the GH3 genes in enabling the plant's adaptation to drought and salt stress conditions as evidenced by the VIGS results and RT-qPCR analysis.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
GH3 genes were identified in three cotton species.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Outcome
- GH3 genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
Claim · model-written summary
The phylogenetic tree of GH3 genes showed four clusters.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- clusters of genese1
- Value
- foure1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e1“The phylogenetic tree showed four clusters of genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton GH3 genes had no paralogous genes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- paralogous genese2
- Qualifier
- no paralogous genese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e2“There were no paralogous genes, and few orthologous genes were observed between Gossypium and other species”
Claim · model-written summary
Few orthologous genes were observed between Gossypium and other species.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- orthologous genese2
- Qualifier
- fewe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e2“There were no paralogous genes, and few orthologous genes were observed between Gossypium and other species”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 14 upland cotton genes had described GO terms.
Verbatim
e3“only 14 genes were found to have described GO terms in upland cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The GH3.17 subfamily had the highest number of cis-regulatory elements.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- GH3.17e4
- Outcome
- cis-regulatory elementse4
- Qualifier
- highest numbere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e4“The GH3.17 subfamily harbored the highest number of the cis-regulatory elements”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten G. hirsutum genes were upregulated under drought.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“10 and 8 genes in drought and salinity stress conditions respectively were upregulated in G. hirsutum”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight G. hirsutum genes were upregulated under salinity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“10 and 8 genes in drought and salinity stress conditions respectively were upregulated in G. hirsutum”
Claim · model-written summary
Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) was significantly upregulated across drought and salt stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Gene
- Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5)e6
- Outcome
- upregulatione6
- Qualifier
- across the two stress factorse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e6“Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) exhibited a significant upregulation across the two stress factors”
Claim · model-written summary
VIGS silencing of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) significantly reduced drought and salt tolerance compared with wild type.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- VIGS plantse7
- Treatment
- virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)e7
- Gene
- Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5)e7
- Outcome
- ability to tolerate drought and salt stressese7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- wild typese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e7“Functional characterization of Gh_A08G1120 (GH3.5) through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that the VIGS plants ability to tolerate drought and salt stresses was significantly reduced compared to the wild types”
Claim · model-written summary
VIGS plants under drought and salt stress had reduced chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content and SOD concentration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- VIGS plantse7
- Treatment
- drought and salt stress conditionse7
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration levele7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e7“The chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration level were reduced significantly while malondialdehyde concentration and ion leakage as a measure of cell membrane stability (CMS) increased in VIGS plants under drought and salt stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
VIGS plants under drought and salt stress had increased malondialdehyde and ion leakage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Material
- VIGS plantse7
- Treatment
- drought and salt stress conditionse7
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde concentration and ion leakagee7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified the GH3 genes in three cotton species”
e7“The chlorophyll content, relative leaf water content (RLWC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration level were reduced significantly while malondialdehyde concentration and ion leakage as a measure of cell membrane stability (CMS) increased in VIGS plants under drought and salt stress conditions”
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