Abstract
Drought and salinity stress highly affect the plant growth and production around the world. Secondary metabolites play a main role in adaptation to the environment and in overcoming stress conditions. In order to investigate the effect of drought and salinity, alone or in combination, on secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities, plant hormones and yield parameters, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using two cotton genotypes Zhongmian 23 (salt tolerant) and Zhongmian 41 (salt sensitive). Results showed that single and combined drought and salinity stresses caused remarkable decrease in plant height, bolls and lint yield in the order as follows: D + S > salinity > drought, and Zhongmian 41 > Zhongmian 23. Lower H 2 O 2 and superoxide but higher proline content and secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities were observed in Zhongmian 23 under drought and salinity, both alone and combined, compared with control in Zhongmian 41. Our findings suggest that controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increasing activities of secondary metabolism‐related enzymes in Zhongmian 23 might be an effective mechanism to reduce the negative effects of drought and salinity stress. However, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) activities were markedly decreased in Zhongmian 41 under salinity stress alone as compared with control. Meanwhile, Zhongmian 23 had higher expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolism (c.f. phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, PAL; polyphenol oxidase, PPO and CAD) under the three stresses compared to Zhongmian 41. The content of flavonoids and phenols were significantly enhanced under drought and D + S, with higher accumulation in Zhongmian 23. Phenols content in Zhongmian 23 remained unchanged under salinity as relative to control, but were significantly reduced in Zhongmian 41. In addition, callose content, chitinase activities and abscisic acid (ABA) and Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) were more induced in Zhongmian 23 under drought, salinity and D + S, than in Zhongmian 41. Our results suggest that high tolerance to D + S stress in Zhongmian 23 is closely related to elevated callose, chitinase, flavonoids and phenols contents and higher secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities and their transcript levels.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Single and combined drought and salinity stress decreased cotton plant height, bolls and lint yield, in the order drought plus salinity > salinity > drought and Zhongmian 41 > Zhongmian 23.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- drought and salinity stressese0
- Outcome
- plant height, bolls and lint yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- D + S > salinity > drought, and Zhongmian 41 > Zhongmian 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“single and combined drought and salinity stresses caused remarkable decrease in plant height, bolls and lint yield in the order as follows: D + S > salinity > drought, and Zhongmian 41 > Zhongmian 23”
Claim · model-written summary
Zhongmian 23 had lower H2O2 and superoxide than the control under drought and salinity, alone and combined.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Treatment
- drought and salinitye0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 and superoxidee0
- Direction
- Lowere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Lower H 2 O 2 and superoxide but higher proline content and secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities were observed in Zhongmian 23 under drought and salinity, both alone and combined, compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Zhongmian 23 had higher proline content and secondary metabolism-related enzyme activities than the control under drought and salinity, alone and combined.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Treatment
- drought and salinitye0
- Outcome
- proline content and secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Lower H 2 O 2 and superoxide but higher proline content and secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities were observed in Zhongmian 23 under drought and salinity, both alone and combined, compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that controlling ROS levels and increasing secondary metabolism-related enzyme activities in Zhongmian 23 might be an effective mechanism to reduce negative effects of drought and salinity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Compound
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Outcome
- negative effects of drought and salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increasing activities of secondary metabolism‐related enzymes in Zhongmian 23 might be an effective mechanism to reduce the negative effects of drought and salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
CAD and SKDH activities were markedly decreased in Zhongmian 41 under salinity stress alone compared with control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 41e0
- Treatment
- salinity stress alonee0
- Gene
- cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH)e0
- Outcome
- activitiese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH) activities were markedly decreased in Zhongmian 41 under salinity stress alone as compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
Zhongmian 23 had higher expression of secondary-metabolism genes (PAL, PPO, CAD) than Zhongmian 41 under the three stresses.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Treatment
- the three stressese0
- Outcome
- expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolisme0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Zhongmian 41e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Zhongmian 23 had higher expression levels of genes related to secondary metabolism (c.f. phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, PAL; polyphenol oxidase, PPO and CAD) under the three stresses compared to Zhongmian 41”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoid and phenol contents were significantly enhanced under drought and drought plus salinity, with higher accumulation in Zhongmian 23.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- drought and D + Se0
- Outcome
- content of flavonoids and phenolse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- higher accumulation in Zhongmian 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“The content of flavonoids and phenols were significantly enhanced under drought and D + S, with higher accumulation in Zhongmian 23”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenols content in Zhongmian 23 remained unchanged under salinity relative to control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Phenols contente0
- Direction
- unchangede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Phenols content in Zhongmian 23 remained unchanged under salinity as relative to control, but were significantly reduced in Zhongmian 41”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenols content in Zhongmian 41 was significantly reduced under salinity relative to control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 41e0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- Phenols contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Phenols content in Zhongmian 23 remained unchanged under salinity as relative to control, but were significantly reduced in Zhongmian 41”
Claim · model-written summary
Callose content and chitinase activities were more induced in Zhongmian 23 than in Zhongmian 41 under drought, salinity and D + S.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Treatment
- drought, salinity and D + Se0
- Outcome
- callose content, chitinase activitiese0
- Direction
- more inducede0
- Comparator
- Zhongmian 41e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“callose content, chitinase activities and abscisic acid (ABA) and Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) were more induced in Zhongmian 23 under drought, salinity and D + S, than in Zhongmian 41”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA and IAA were more induced in Zhongmian 23 than in Zhongmian 41 under drought, salinity and D + S.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Treatment
- drought, salinity and D + Se0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) and Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA)e0
- Direction
- more inducede0
- Comparator
- Zhongmian 41e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“callose content, chitinase activities and abscisic acid (ABA) and Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) were more induced in Zhongmian 23 under drought, salinity and D + S, than in Zhongmian 41”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest high tolerance to drought plus salinity in Zhongmian 23 is closely related to elevated callose, chitinase, flavonoid and phenol contents and higher secondary-metabolism enzyme activities and transcript levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- Zhongmian 23e0
- Outcome
- tolerance to D + S stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“high tolerance to D + S stress in Zhongmian 23 is closely related to elevated callose, chitinase, flavonoids and phenols contents and higher secondary metabolism‐related enzyme activities and their transcript levels”
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See all 7 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.