Abstract
Abstract The influence of chilling period hours and accumulative photo-thermal unit at different base temperatures, 10, 11, 13, 15, and 18 °C, on the flowering of strawberry was examined in Sana’a University-Yemen during two seasons: 2006 and 2007. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) field experiment was designed with 5 chilling hours (CHs) periods (0, 360, 750, 1080, and 1440 CHs under 2 ± 1 °C), with four replicates each. Accumulative photo-thermal unit (PTU) was calculated for every treatment at different base temperatures for two stages: (i) from planting date to the flower opening (THA) and (ii) from planting date until the end of 2 months (THB). The results revealed that the plants treated with 1080 h of chilling produced flowers with about 55.12% and 61.97% earlier when compared with control (without chilling) in both the seasons, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that both CHs and the accumulative PTU THA13 (in the first season) and CH plus THA10 (in the second season) have significant effect on days until flower opening, in which the majority effect was related to the chilling period. The effect of chilling period and accumulative PTU at 18 °C (THB18) had s significant influence (p < 0.05) on the number of early flower per plant, with about r 2 = 0.250 and r 2 = 0.536 in both the seasons, respectively, and r 2 = 0.531 and r 2 =0.740 for the total effect of both CH and THB18, respectively. However, the exposure of plants to the long period of chilling (1080 and 1440 h) led the plants to produce runners and break up the flowering stage after 9 and 11 weeks in both the seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, plants that received 360-h chilling produced significantly highest (p < 0.05) total number of flowers (24.83 per plant), with about 71.2% higher than that produced by control plants. Moreover, in the second season, plants treated with 750-h chilling produced the significantly higher total number of flowers per plant, with about 50.3% higher than that of the control. Meanwhile, the 360-h and 750-h chilling periods have similar effect on the number of flowers per plant in the second season. The result showed that the starch level in the crown significantly positively correlated with the days to flower opening (r 2 = 0.415, p = 0.05) and negatively correlated with the number of early flower (r 2 = 0.587, p = 0.01). The data from this study might be used for the management of strawberry production.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
1080 chilling hours advanced flowering by 55.12% in the first season.
- Treatment
- 1080 h of chillinge0
- Outcome
- produced flowerse0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 55.12%e0
- Comparator
- control (without chilling)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with 1080 h of chilling produced flowers with about 55.12% and 61.97% earlier when compared with control (without chilling) in both the seasons, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
1080 chilling hours advanced flowering by 61.97% in the second season.
- Treatment
- 1080 h of chillinge0
- Outcome
- produced flowerse0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 61.97%e0
- Comparator
- control (without chilling)e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with 1080 h of chilling produced flowers with about 55.12% and 61.97% earlier when compared with control (without chilling) in both the seasons, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling and PTU THA13 significantly affected time to flower opening in season one.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- CHs and the accumulative PTU THA13e0
- Outcome
- days until flower openinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“both CHs and the accumulative PTU THA13 (in the first season) and CH plus THA10 (in the second season) have significant effect on days until flower opening”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling and THA10 significantly affected time to flower opening in season two.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- CH plus THA10e0
- Outcome
- days until flower openinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both CHs and the accumulative PTU THA13 (in the first season) and CH plus THA10 (in the second season) have significant effect on days until flower opening”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling had the larger effect on time to flower opening.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- chilling periode0
- Outcome
- majority effecte0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the majority effect was related to the chilling period.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling and THB18 significantly influenced early flowers per plant.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- chilling period and accumulative PTU at 18 °C (THB18)e0
- Outcome
- number of early flower per plante0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of chilling period and accumulative PTU at 18 °C (THB18) had s significant influence (p < 0.05) on the number of early flower per plant”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Long chilling led to runner production and flowering cessation.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- long period of chilling (1080 and 1440 h)e0
- Outcome
- produce runners and break up the flowering stagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exposure of plants to the long period of chilling (1080 and 1440 h) led the plants to produce runners and break up the flowering stage after 9 and 11 weeks in both the seasons, respectively.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
360-hour chilling produced 24.83 flowers per plant, 71.2% above control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 360-h chillinge0
- Outcome
- total number of flowerse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24.83 per plante0
- Qualifier
- 71.2%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants that received 360-h chilling produced significantly highest (p < 0.05) total number of flowers (24.83 per plant), with about 71.2% higher than that produced by control plants.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
750-hour chilling raised flowers per plant by 50.3% over control in season two.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- 750-h chillinge0
- Outcome
- total number of flowers per plante0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 50.3%e0
- Qualifier
- second seasone0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the second season, plants treated with 750-h chilling produced the significantly higher total number of flowers per plant, with about 50.3% higher than that of the control.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
360- and 750-hour chilling had similar effects on flowers per plant in season two.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- number of flowers per plante0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- 360-h and 750-h chilling periodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 360-h and 750-h chilling periods have similar effect on the number of flowers per plant in the second season.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown starch correlated positively with days to flower opening.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Organ / stage
- crowne0
- Compound
- starch levele0
- Outcome
- days to flower openinge0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- r 2 = 0.415e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch level in the crown significantly positively correlated with the days to flower opening (r 2 = 0.415, p = 0.05)”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown starch correlated negatively with early flower number.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Compound
- starch levele0
- Outcome
- number of early flowere0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Value
- r 2 = 0.587e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“starch level in the crown significantly positively correlated with the days to flower opening (r 2 = 0.415, p = 0.05) and negatively correlated with the number of early flower (r 2 = 0.587, p = 0.01)”
t0“Strawberry”
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