Abstract
Abstract A new microbial decontamination system combining washing with a natural antimicrobial solution and coating with a carnauba wax (CW)‐based antimicrobial coating was developed and its effects on mandarin storability were investigated. Mandarins were washed with an antimicrobial solution and/or coated with grapefruit seed extract‐CW (GSE/CW). Values for the disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively. GSE/CW coating after CaO washing was most effective in inhibiting P. digitatum growth during storage at 25 °C. Compared to untreated samples, GSE/CW coating alone or after CaO washing retained CO 2 generation, firmness, and total polyphenol content of mandarins at 25 °C. Such treatments also effectively maintained mandarin pH, ascorbic acid concentration, and antioxidant capacity at both 4 and 25 °C. Moreover, GSE/CW coating after CaO washing more effectively inhibited P. digitatum growth at 25 °C and maintained ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant capacity at 4 and 25 °C than GSE/CW coating alone. The microbial decontamination system integrating CaO washing and GSE/CW coating demonstrates potential for improving mandarin storability by inhibiting P. digitatum growth and improving the preservation of quality properties and sensory characteristics. Practical Application This is the first study to develop a microbial decontamination system involving both washing with a natural antimicrobial solution and carnauba wax coating containing grapefruit seed extract to improve the storability of fruits. This system demonstrated a primary effect of inhibiting fungi that cause mandarin surface decay at 25 °C via the highly activated calcium oxide wash and secondary effects of delaying quality degradation and inhibiting fungal growth by the action of the antimicrobial coating. These effects led to improvements in mandarin storability, along with enhanced visual appeal while not affecting taste, flavor, or texture.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated mandarins had 96.0% Penicillium digitatum disease incidence.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- disease incidence of Penicillium digitatume0
- Value
- 96.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating without washing gave 70.0% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Treatment
- coated with GSE/CW without washinge0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence of Penicillium digitatume0
- Value
- 70.0e0
- Comparator
- untreated mandarinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating after FA washing gave 78.8% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Treatment
- coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed watere0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence of Penicillium digitatume0
- Value
- 78.8e0
- Comparator
- untreated mandarinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating after CaO washing gave 50.0% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Treatment
- a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solutione0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence of Penicillium digitatume0
- Value
- 50.0e0
- Comparator
- untreated mandarinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating after CaO then FA washing gave 72.2% disease incidence.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Treatment
- CaO solution followed by FA solutione0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence of Penicillium digitatume0
- Value
- 72.2%e0
- Comparator
- untreated mandarinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease incidence of Penicillium digitatum in untreated mandarins; mandarins coated with GSE/CW without washing; and mandarins coated with GSE/CW after washing with a fumaric acid (FA) solution of slightly acidic electrolyzed water, a highly activated calcium oxide (CaO) aqueous solution, or CaO solution followed by FA solution were 96.0, 70.0, 78.8, 50.0, and 72.2%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating after CaO washing most effectively inhibited P. digitatum at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- GSE/CW coating after CaO washinge0
- Interactor
- P. digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. digitatum growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Setting
- storage at 25 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSE/CW coating after CaO washing was most effective in inhibiting P. digitatum growth during storage at 25 °C”
t0“Mandarin Storability”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating alone retained mandarin CO 2 generation, firmness and total polyphenol content at 25 °C.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to untreated samples, GSE/CW coating alone or after CaO washing retained CO 2 generation, firmness, and total polyphenol content of mandarins at 25 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
GSE/CW coating after CaO washing retained mandarin CO 2 generation, firmness and total polyphenol content at 25 °C.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to untreated samples, GSE/CW coating alone or after CaO washing retained CO 2 generation, firmness, and total polyphenol content of mandarins at 25 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
The coating treatments maintained mandarin pH, ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant capacity at 4 and 25 °C.
- Taxon
- mandarine0
- Treatment
- Such treatmentse0
- Outcome
- mandarin pH, ascorbic acid concentration, and antioxidant capacitye0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Setting
- 4 and 25 °Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Such treatments also effectively maintained mandarin pH, ascorbic acid concentration, and antioxidant capacity at both 4 and 25 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
CaO washing before coating inhibited P. digitatum more effectively than coating alone at 25 °C.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- GSE/CW coating after CaO washinge0
- Interactor
- P. digitatumPenicillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- P. digitatum growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Comparator
- GSE/CW coating alonee0
- Setting
- 25 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSE/CW coating after CaO washing more effectively inhibited P. digitatum growth at 25 °C and maintained ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant capacity at 4 and 25 °C than GSE/CW coating alone”
t0“Mandarin Storability”
Claim · model-written summary
CaO washing before coating better maintained ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant capacity than coating alone.
Verbatim
e0“GSE/CW coating after CaO washing more effectively inhibited P. digitatum growth at 25 °C and maintained ascorbic acid concentration and antioxidant capacity at 4 and 25 °C than GSE/CW coating alone”
t0“Mandarin Storability”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined system improved mandarin storability and visual appeal without affecting sensory traits.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“These effects led to improvements in mandarin storability, along with enhanced visual appeal while not affecting taste, flavor, or texture”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.