Abstract
Abstract Continuous cropping of soybean causes soil degradation and decreased soybean yield in Northeast PR China. However, the mechanism underlying the effect on soil fungal communities and the relationship between these effects and cropping systems have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we comparatively investigated the abundance, diversity, and structures of fungal communities in the bulk and rhizospheric soils of soybean grown in two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize using real‐time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Illumina MiSeq sequencing methods. The results showed that the rhizospheric soil fungal abundance was significantly higher in CC than in CR, but the opposite trend was observed in bulk soils. CC decreased the fungal alpha diversity in both bulk and rhizospheric soils compared with CR. The fungal community compositions were distinctly different between CC and CR in both bulk and rhizospheric soils, and the composition and diversity in bulk soils were predominantly affected by the soil carbon to nitrigen (C/N) ratio. The soil fungal functional groups varied between the two cropping systems; CC increased the relative abundances of the potentially pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Lectera longa and beneficial fungi Mortierella sp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus . In contrast, CR increased the relative abundance of Ustilago maydis , which is a pathogen that causes corn smut. Our findings showed that CC increased the abundances of plant pathogens, which is harmful to soybean growth; in contrast, the abundances of some beneficial fungi also increased, which suggested that suppressive soils might be developed after long‐term CC.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizospheric soil fungal abundance was significantly higher under continuous cropping of soybean than under rotation with maize.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- CCe2
- Outcome
- fungal abundancee2
- Direction
- significantly highere2
- Comparator
- CRe2
- Setting
- rhizospheric soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“the rhizospheric soil fungal abundance was significantly higher in CC than in CR, but the opposite trend was observed in bulk soils”
Claim · model-written summary
In bulk soil, fungal abundance was lower under continuous soybean cropping than under rotation, the opposite of the rhizosphere trend.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe1
- Outcome
- fungal abundancee2
- Direction
- lowerinferrede2
- Qualifier
- bulk soilse2
- Comparator
- CRe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“the rhizospheric soil fungal abundance was significantly higher in CC than in CR, but the opposite trend was observed in bulk soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping decreased fungal alpha diversity in both bulk and rhizospheric soils compared with rotation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe2
- Outcome
- fungal alpha diversitye2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- CRe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“CC decreased the fungal alpha diversity in both bulk and rhizospheric soils compared with CR”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungal community composition was distinctly different between continuous cropping and rotation in both bulk and rhizospheric soils.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe2
- Outcome
- fungal community compositionse2
- Direction
- distinctly differente2
- Comparator
- CRe2
- Setting
- bulk and rhizospheric soilse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“The fungal community compositions were distinctly different between CC and CR in both bulk and rhizospheric soils, and the composition and diversity in bulk soils were predominantly affected by the soil carbon to nitrigen (C/N) ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk soil fungal composition and diversity were predominantly affected by the soil C/N ratio.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Compound
- soil carbon to nitrigen (C/N) ratioe2
- Outcome
- composition and diversity in bulk soilse2
- Direction
- predominantly affectede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“The fungal community compositions were distinctly different between CC and CR in both bulk and rhizospheric soils, and the composition and diversity in bulk soils were predominantly affected by the soil carbon to nitrigen (C/N) ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping increased the relative abundance of the potentially pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum in soybean soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe2
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume2pathogen - Outcome
- relative abundancese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“CC increased the relative abundances of the potentially pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Lectera longa and beneficial fungi Mortierella sp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping increased the relative abundance of the potentially pathogenic fungus Lectera longa in soybean soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe2
- Interactor
- Lectera longaLectera longae2pathogen
- Outcome
- relative abundancese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“CC increased the relative abundances of the potentially pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Lectera longa and beneficial fungi Mortierella sp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping increased the relative abundance of the beneficial fungus Mortierella sp. in soybean soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe2
- Interactor
- Mortierella sp.
Mortierellae2other - Outcome
- relative abundancese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“CC increased the relative abundances of the potentially pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Lectera longa and beneficial fungi Mortierella sp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping increased the relative abundance of the beneficial fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus in soybean soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CCe2
- Interactor
- Paecilomyces lilacinus
Purpureocillium lilacinume2other - Outcome
- relative abundancese2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“CC increased the relative abundances of the potentially pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Lectera longa and beneficial fungi Mortierella sp. and Paecilomyces lilacinus”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotation with maize increased the relative abundance of the pathogen Ustilago maydis, which causes corn smut, in soybean soil.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- CRe2
- Interactor
- Ustilago maydis
Mycosarcoma maydise2pathogen - Outcome
- relative abundancee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“CR increased the relative abundance of Ustilago maydis, which is a pathogen that causes corn smut”
Claim · model-written summary
Suppressive soils might develop after long-term continuous cropping of soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- long‐term CCe2
- Outcome
- suppressive soilse2
- Direction
- might be developede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two cropping systems, that is, continuous cropping (CC) of soybean and cropping rotation (CR) with maize”
e2“suppressive soils might be developed after long‐term CC”
The same questions in other papers
rotation · Fusarium oxysporum · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
rotation · ecology: diversity · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.