Abstract
Foliar penetration of 14 C-difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1- H -pyrazolium), in the presence of a surfactant, into both wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Conquest’), was rapid and continued at a nearly constant rate for 72 hr, the maximum time period studied; 93 and 84% of the applied dose was absorbed by the leaves of wild oat and barley, respectively. Added surfactants at 0.01% to 0.3% and high relative. humidity (RH) greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oat. An increase in temperature from 10 to 30 C resulted in a large increase in penetration. Commercial formulations of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile) + MCPA {[(4-chloro- O -tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} (1:1, w/w), 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] ester and barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m -chlorocarbanilate) markedly increased the penetration of 14 C-difenzoquat into wild oat. Amine formulation of 2,4-D, on the other hand, had no effect on penetration. Foliarly-applied 14 C-difenzoquat rapidly translocated mainly in the acropetal direction. Most of the absorbed 14 C, however, was accumulated in the treated area and a few centimeters above the treated area. There was some basipetal movement, and 24 hr after treatment 14 C was detectable in the roots. Root uptake of 14 C-difenzoquat was very rapid, but upward movement of 14 C was slight, and even 24 hr after treatment most of it was retained by the roots. Chromatographic analysis of plant extracts up to 15 days after treatment with 14 C-difenzoquat revealed no evidence of difenzoquat metabolism by wild oat, barley, and wheat ( Triticum vulgare L. ‘Thatcher’). The selective action of difenzoquat in wild oat and barley cannot be accounted for by differences in its foliar penetration, translocation, or metabolism in these species.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Wild oat leaves absorbed 93% of applied difenzoquat within 72 hours.
Verbatim
e0“93 and 84% of the applied dose was absorbed by the leaves of wild oat and barley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley leaves absorbed 84% of applied difenzoquat within 72 hours.
- Taxon
- barley
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Hordeum vulgaree0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- applied dose was absorbede0
- Value
- 84%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“93 and 84% of the applied dose was absorbed by the leaves of wild oat and barley, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Surfactants enhanced difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
- Taxon
- wild oate0
- Treatment
- Added surfactants at 0.01% to 0.3%e0
- Outcome
- penetration of the herbicidee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Added surfactants at 0.01% to 0.3% and high relative. humidity (RH) greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
High relative humidity enhanced difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
- Taxon
- wild oate0
- Treatment
- high relative. humidity (RH)e0
- Outcome
- penetration of the herbicidee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“high relative. humidity (RH) greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing temperature from 10 to 30 C increased difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
- Taxon
- Wild Oatt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperature from 10 to 30 Ce0
- Outcome
- penetratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“An increase in temperature from 10 to 30 C resulted in a large increase in penetration.”
t0“Wild Oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bromoxynil plus MCPA formulation increased difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
- Taxon
- wild oate0
- Treatment
- bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile) + MCPA {[(4-chloro- O -tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} (1:1, w/w)e0
- Outcome
- penetration of 14 C-difenzoquate0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Commercial formulations of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile) + MCPA {[(4-chloro- O -tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} (1:1, w/w), 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] ester and barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m -chlorocarbanilate) markedly increased the penetration of 14 C-difenzoquat into wild oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D ester formulation increased difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
- Taxon
- wild oate0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] estere0
- Outcome
- penetration of 14 C-difenzoquate0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] ester and barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m -chlorocarbanilate) markedly increased the penetration of 14 C-difenzoquat into wild oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Barban formulation increased difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
- Taxon
- wild oate0
- Treatment
- barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m -chlorocarbanilate)e0
- Outcome
- penetration of 14 C-difenzoquate0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m -chlorocarbanilate) markedly increased the penetration of 14 C-difenzoquat into wild oat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amine 2,4-D formulation had no effect on difenzoquat penetration into wild oat.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Amine formulation of 2,4-D, on the other hand, had no effect on penetration.”
t0“Wild Oat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar difenzoquat moved mainly upward, although most label stayed near the treated area and some reached roots.
Verbatim
e0“Foliarly-applied 14 C-difenzoquat rapidly translocated mainly in the acropetal direction. Most of the absorbed 14 C, however, was accumulated in the treated area and a few centimeters above the treated area. There was some basipetal movement, and 24 hr after treatment 14 C was detectable in the roots.”
t0“Wild Oat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Root uptake of difenzoquat was rapid but upward movement was slight, with most retained in roots after 24 hours.
Verbatim
e0“Root uptake of 14 C-difenzoquat was very rapid, but upward movement of 14 C was slight, and even 24 hr after treatment most of it was retained by the roots.”
t0“Wild Oat and Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
No difenzoquat metabolism was detected in wild oat, barley or wheat within 15 days.
Verbatim
e0“Chromatographic analysis of plant extracts up to 15 days after treatment with 14 C-difenzoquat revealed no evidence of difenzoquat metabolism by wild oat, barley, and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in penetration, movement or metabolism did not explain difenzoquat selectivity between wild oat and barley.
Verbatim
e0“The selective action of difenzoquat in wild oat and barley cannot be accounted for by differences in its foliar penetration, translocation, or metabolism in these species.”
The same questions in other papers
barban · molecular: metabolites · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
2,4-D · molecular: metabolites · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
surfactant · molecular: metabolites · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.