Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) have the ability to enhance drought tolerance of citrus, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated. Considering the strong association of cell membrane fatty acid (FA) unsaturation with plant drought tolerance, the present study hypothesized that AM fungi (AMF) modulated the composition and unsaturation of FAs to enhance drought tolerance of host plants. Drought-sensitive citrus rootstocks, trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings, were inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) for 3 months and were subsequently exposed to drought stress (DS) for 8 weeks. Mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited better plant growth performance, higher leaf water potential and lower root abscisic acid concentrations under both well-watered (WW) and DS conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation considerably increased root methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3N3) concentrations under both WW and DS conditions, and root methyl palmitoleate (C16:1) concentrations under WW, while it decreased root methyl stearate (C18:0) levels under both WW and DS. These changes in the composition of FAs of mycorrhized roots resulted in higher unsaturation index of root FAs, which later aided in reducing the oxidative damage on account of lower concentration of malondialdehyde and superoxide radicals. The changes of these FAs were a result of AMF-up-regulating root FA desaturase 2 (PtFAD2), FA desaturase 6 (PtFAD6) and Δ9 FA desaturase (PtΔ9) genes under WW and PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and Δ15 FA desaturase (PtΔ15) genes under DS conditions. Our results confirmed that mycorrhization brought significant changes in root FA compositions, in addition to regulation of gene expression responsible for increasing the unsaturation level of FAs, a predisposing physiological event for better drought tolerance of citrus.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal citrus seedlings showed better plant growth performance and higher leaf water potential under both well-watered and drought conditions.
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae)e1
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee1symbiont - Outcome
- plant growth performance, higher leaf water potentiale0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- under both well-watered (WW) and DS conditionse0
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited better plant growth performance, higher leaf water potential and lower root abscisic acid concentrations under both well-watered (WW) and DS conditions”
e1“inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae)”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal citrus seedlings had lower root abscisic acid concentrations under both well-watered and drought conditions.
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae)e1
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee1symbiont
- Outcome
- root abscisic acid concentrationse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- under both well-watered (WW) and DS conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal seedlings exhibited better plant growth performance, higher leaf water potential and lower root abscisic acid concentrations under both well-watered (WW) and DS conditions”
e1“inoculated with AMF (Funneliformis mosseae)”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungus inoculation considerably increased root methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate concentrations under both well-watered and drought conditions in citrus.
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- root methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3N3) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under both WW and DS conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation considerably increased root methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3N3) concentrations under both WW and DS conditions”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungus inoculation increased root methyl palmitoleate (C16:1) concentrations under well-watered conditions in citrus.
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza funguse0symbiont
- Outcome
- root methyl palmitoleate (C16:1) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under WWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation considerably increased root methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3N3) concentrations under both WW and DS conditions, and root methyl palmitoleate (C16:1) concentrations under WW”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungus inoculation decreased root methyl stearate (C18:0) levels under both well-watered and drought conditions in citrus.
- Treatment
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhiza funguse1symbiont
- Outcome
- root methyl stearate (C18:0) levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under both WW and DSe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased root methyl stearate (C18:0) levels under both WW and DS”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus inoculation”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The changes in fatty acid composition of mycorrhized citrus roots gave a higher unsaturation index of root fatty acids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes in the composition of FAs of mycorrhized roots resulted in higher unsaturation index of root FAs”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher fatty acid unsaturation is presented as aiding reduced oxidative damage, with lower malondialdehyde and superoxide radical concentrations in mycorrhized citrus roots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which later aided in reducing the oxidative damage on account of lower concentration of malondialdehyde and superoxide radicals”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Under well-watered conditions, the fatty acid changes in citrus roots were a result of AMF up-regulating PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and PtΔ9 desaturase genes.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- FA desaturase 2 (PtFAD2), FA desaturase 6 (PtFAD6) and Δ9 FA desaturase (PtΔ9)e0
- Outcome
- changes of these FAse0
- Qualifier
- under WWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The changes of these FAs were a result of AMF-up-regulating root FA desaturase 2 (PtFAD2), FA desaturase 6 (PtFAD6) and Δ9 FA desaturase (PtΔ9) genes under WW and PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and Δ15 FA desaturase (PtΔ15) genes under DS conditions”
t0“citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought stress, the fatty acid changes in citrus roots were a result of AMF up-regulating PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and PtΔ15 desaturase genes.
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Gene
- PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and Δ15 FA desaturase (PtΔ15)e0
- Outcome
- changes of these FAse0
- Qualifier
- under DS conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The changes of these FAs were a result of AMF-up-regulating root FA desaturase 2 (PtFAD2), FA desaturase 6 (PtFAD6) and Δ9 FA desaturase (PtΔ9) genes under WW and PtFAD2, PtFAD6 and Δ15 FA desaturase (PtΔ15) genes under DS conditions”
t0“citrus”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · molecular: metabolites · CitrusPositive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →mycorrhiza · physiology: water · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
mycorrhiza · molecular: metabolites · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.