Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) has turned into a devastating botanical pandemic of citrus crops, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ( C Las). However, until now the disease has remained incurable with very limited control strategies available. Restoration of the affected microbiomes in the diseased host through the introduction of an indigenous endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 isolated from healthy citrus may provide an innovative approach for disease management. A novel half-leaf method was developed in vitro to test the efficacy of the endophyte L1-21 against C Las. Application of B. subtilis L1-21 at 10 4 colony forming unit (cfu ml −1 ) resulted in a 1,000-fold reduction in the C Las copies per gram of leaf midrib (10 7 to 10 4 ) in 4 days. In HLB-affected citrus orchards over a period of 2 years, the C Las incidence was reduced to < 3%, and C Las copies declined from 10 9 to 10 4 g −1 of diseased leaf midribs in the endophyte L1-21 treated trees. Reduction in disease incidence may corroborate a direct or an indirect biocontrol effect of the endophytes as red fluorescent protein-labeled B. subtilis L1-21 colonized and shared niche (phloem) with C Las. This is the first large-scale study for establishing a sustainable HLB control strategy through citrus endophytic microbiome restructuring using an indigenous endophyte.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
A half-leaf method was developed to test L1-21 against C Las.
CitrusNot reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A novel half-leaf method was developed in vitro to test the efficacy of the endophyte L1-21 against C Las.”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis L1-21 reduced C Las copies in citrus leaf midribs 1,000-fold in four days.
- Treatment
- Application of B. subtilis L1-21 at 10 4 colony forming unit (cfu ml −1 )e0
- Interactor
- C Lase0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis L1-21
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- C Las copies per gram of leaf midribe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 1,000-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of B. subtilis L1-21 at 10 4 colony forming unit (cfu ml −1 ) resulted in a 1,000-fold reduction in the C Las copies per gram of leaf midrib (10 7 to 10 4 ) in 4 days.”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
In treated citrus orchards C Las incidence fell below 3% over two years.
- Treatment
- endophyte L1-21 treated treese1
- Interactor
- C Lase0pathogen
- Outcome
- C Las incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- < 3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In HLB-affected citrus orchards over a period of 2 years, the C Las incidence was reduced to < 3%,”
e1“endophyte L1-21 treated trees”
Claim · model-written summary
C Las copies in treated citrus midribs fell from 10 9 to 10 4 g −1.
- Treatment
- endophyte L1-21 treated treese0
- Interactor
- C Lase0pathogen
- Outcome
- C Las copiese0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 10 9 to 10 4 g −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C Las copies declined from 10 9 to 10 4 g −1 of diseased leaf midribs in the endophyte L1-21 treated trees.”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis L1-21 colonized phloem shared with C Las.
- Interactor
- C Lase0pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. subtilis L1-21Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonized and shared niche (phloem) with C Lase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red fluorescent protein-labeled B. subtilis L1-21 colonized and shared niche (phloem) with C Las.”
t0“Citrus”
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See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.