Abstract
Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia. Losses of 10% of the crop are equivalent to a loss of $46 million across the different growing areas. The effect of different fungicides on the control of grey mould and stem-end rot affecting ‘Festival’ strawberry plants was studied in south-east Queensland over three years. This work followed recent changes to the use pattern for the multi-site fungicides thiram and captan, which can now be used more regularly than previously in Australia. There was a restriction on the use of captan with no more than five sprays allowed in a season. Thiram could be used only up to the first flowering. A program based on captan and thiram along with several single-site fungicides during wet weather controlled grey mould and stem-end rot. These treatments in turn provided high marketable yields. Applications of a plant-defence promoter, plant extracts, organic acids, fatty acids, a salt, four bacteria, and a fungus were not as successful as the standard program, even when the soft fungicides were applied alternately with thiram and captan. The plant-defence promoter acibenzolar-S-methyl, organic acids, B. subtilus (strain QST 713), B. amyloliquefaciens and potassium bicarbonate gave intermediate control. In contrast, B. subtilus (strain MBI 600), Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma harzianum, potassium salts of fatty acids, and two plant extracts were ineffective. A strategy based on thiram and captan applied alternately, with the addition of single-site fungicides during wet weather provided the best control of disease, with 3 to 4% losses. Control plots had losses of 25 to 38%. The soft chemicals were less effective than the programs based on captan, thiram and single-site fungicides. The use of the thiram and captan in rotation with other fungicides from different chemical groups in wet weather will reduce the risk of fungicide resistance and extend the useful life of registered products. This strategy has not been available to growers previously.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The captan and thiram program with single-site fungicides in wet weather controlled grey mould and stem-end rot compared with control plots.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- A program based on captan and thiram along with several single-site fungicides during wet weathere1
- Outcome
- grey mould and stem-end rote1
- Direction
- controllede1
- Comparator
- Control plotse2
- Setting
- south-east Queenslande3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e1“A program based on captan and thiram along with several single-site fungicides during wet weather controlled grey mould and stem-end rot”
e2“Control plots had losses of 25 to 38%”
e3“was studied in south-east Queensland over three years”
Claim · model-written summary
The captan and thiram program gave high marketable yields.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- program based on captan and thirame1
- Outcome
- marketable yieldse4
- Direction
- highe4
- Comparator
- Control plotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e1“A program based on captan and thiram along with several single-site fungicides during wet weather controlled grey mould and stem-end rot”
e2“Control plots had losses of 25 to 38%”
e4“These treatments in turn provided high marketable yields”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant-defence promoter acibenzolar-S-methyl, organic acids, B. subtilus (strain QST 713), B. amyloliquefaciens and potassium bicarbonate gave intermediate control of grey mould and stem-end rot.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- plant-defence promoter acibenzolar-S-methyle5
- Interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciense5biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- B. subtilus (strain QST 713)e5biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- intermediate controle5
- Direction
- intermediatee5
- Comparator
- standard programe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e5“The plant-defence promoter acibenzolar-S-methyl, organic acids, B. subtilus (strain QST 713), B. amyloliquefaciens and potassium bicarbonate gave intermediate control”
e6“Applications of a plant-defence promoter, plant extracts, organic acids, fatty acids, a salt, four bacteria, and a fungus were not as successful as the standard program”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilus (strain MBI 600), Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma harzianum, potassium salts of fatty acids and two plant extracts were ineffective against grey mould and stem-end rot.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- B. subtilus (strain MBI 600), Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma harzianum, potassium salts of fatty acids, and two plant extractse7
- Interactor
- Streptomyces lydicusStreptomyces lydicuse7biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume7biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- ineffectivee7
- Direction
- ineffectivee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e7“In contrast, B. subtilus (strain MBI 600), Streptomyces lydicus, Trichoderma harzianum, potassium salts of fatty acids, and two plant extracts were ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiram and captan applied alternately with single-site fungicides in wet weather gave the best disease control, with 3 to 4% losses against 25 to 38% in control plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- thiram and captan applied alternately, with the addition of single-site fungicides during wet weathere6
- Outcome
- control of diseasee6
- Direction
- beste6
- Value
- 3 to 4%e6
- Comparator
- Control plotse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e6“A strategy based on thiram and captan applied alternately, with the addition of single-site fungicides during wet weather provided the best control of disease, with 3 to 4% losses”
e2“Control plots had losses of 25 to 38%”
Claim · model-written summary
The soft chemicals gave less effective control than the programs based on captan, thiram and single-site fungicides.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- soft chemicalse6
- Outcome
- effectivee6
- Direction
- less effectivee6
- Comparator
- programs based on captan, thiram and single-site fungicidese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e6“The soft chemicals were less effective than the programs based on captan, thiram and single-site fungicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Rotating thiram and captan with other fungicides from different chemical groups in wet weather is expected to reduce the risk of fungicide resistance in strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- risk of fungicide resistancee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grey mould and stem-end rot affect the strawberry industry in Australia”
e5“The use of the thiram and captan in rotation with other fungicides from different chemical groups in wet weather will reduce the risk of fungicide resistance”
The same questions in other papers
thiram · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
captan · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →captan · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →captan · quality: postharvest · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
thiram · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
thiram · quality: postharvest · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
fungicide · control · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →fungicide · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.