Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during 2012–13 and 2013–14 at New Delhi, to evaluate the effects of weedcontrol options on weed interference, microbial activity and direct-seeded rice (DSR) productivity in a conservation agriculture (CA)-based rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol) cropping system. The CA practices such as brown manuring, mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] residue (MR) and rice-residue (RR) retention, zero tillage (ZT) significantly influenced weed density, microbial activity and crop yield. Grassy weeds were more dominant among the weeds. The DSR practices encountered more weed infestations than transplanted rice (TPR). The sequential applications of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg/ha as pre-emergence, and bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 25 days after sowing/transplanting (DAS/DAT) as post-emergence resulted in better control of weeds and higher weed-control efficiency (WCE), but this combination plus 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 45 DAS was the best weed-control option in DSR. Higher WCE of 50% and 52% obtained from this treatment respectively, in 2012 and 2013. These herbicides applications slightly reduced microbial activity at 40 DAS. Soil microbial activity positively responded to CA practices. Soil-dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were significantly higher in DSR than TPR. The rice yields were comparable between the TPR-ZTW and DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + wheat residue (WR) systems, but higher than in other CA-based DSR-wheat systems. Treatment DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WR provided higher grain yield 4.41 t/ha and 4.53 t/ha in 2012 and 2013, respectively.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Brown manuring and residue retention and zero tillage significantly influenced weed density, microbial activity and crop yield.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- brown manuring, mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] residue (MR) and rice-residue (RR) retention, zero tillage (ZT)e0
- Outcome
- weed density, microbial activity and crop yielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CA practices such as brown manuring, mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] residue (MR) and rice-residue (RR) retention, zero tillage (ZT) significantly influenced weed density, microbial activity and crop yield”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grassy weeds were dominant among weeds in the rice system.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Grassy weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Grassy weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grassy weeds were more dominant among the weeds”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded rice had more weed infestation than transplanted rice.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSR practicese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed infestationse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- transplanted rice (TPR)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DSR practices encountered more weed infestations than transplanted rice (TPR)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential pendimethalin and bispyribac-Na improved weed control.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg/ha as pre-emergence, and bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 25 days after sowing/transplanting (DAS/DAT) as post-emergencee0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weed-control efficiency (WCE)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sequential applications of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg/ha as pre-emergence, and bispyribac-Na @ 25 g/ha at 25 days after sowing/transplanting (DAS/DAT) as post-emergence resulted in better control of weeds and higher weed-control efficiency (WCE)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding hand weeding to the herbicide sequence gave the best direct-seeded rice weed control, with 50% and 52% efficiency in 2012 and 2013.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- this combination plus 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 45 DASe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- WCEe0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 50% and 52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this combination plus 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 45 DAS was the best weed-control option in DSR. Higher WCE of 50% and 52% obtained from this treatment respectively, in 2012 and 2013”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide applications slightly reduced soil microbial activity at 40 days after sowing.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicides applicationse0
- Outcome
- microbial activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 40 DASe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These herbicides applications slightly reduced microbial activity at 40 DAS”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbial activity responded positively to conservation agriculture practices.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CA practicese0
- Outcome
- Soil microbial activitye0
- Direction
- positively respondede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil microbial activity positively responded to CA practices”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass carbon were significantly higher under direct-seeded than transplanted rice.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSRe0
- Outcome
- Soil-dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- TPRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil-dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) were significantly higher in DSR than TPR”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yields were comparable between TPR-ZTW and DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WR and exceeded other systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + wheat residue (WR)e0
- Outcome
- rice yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Qualifier
- higher than in other CA-based DSR-wheat systemse0
- Comparator
- TPR-ZTWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rice yields were comparable between the TPR-ZTW and DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + wheat residue (WR) systems, but higher than in other CA-based DSR-wheat systems”
Claim · model-written summary
DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WR yielded 4.41 t/ha in 2012.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WRe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.41 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 2012e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WR provided higher grain yield 4.41 t/ha and 4.53 t/ha in 2012 and 2013, respectively”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WR yielded 4.53 t/ha in 2013.
- Taxon
- rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WRe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.53 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 2013e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment DSR + MR-ZTW + RR-SMB + WR provided higher grain yield 4.41 t/ha and 4.53 t/ha in 2012 and 2013, respectively”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa)”
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