Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) plays an important role in the induction of herbivore resistance in many plants. However, JA-independent herbivore resistance has been suggested. An herbivore-resistance-inducing substance was isolated from Tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves in which a hypersensitive response (HR) was induced and identified as loliolide, which has been identified as a β-carotene metabolite. When applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves, loliolide decreased the survival rate of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, egg deposition by the same pest, and the survival rate of larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura without exhibiting toxicity against these herbivores. Endogenous loliolide levels increased not only with an infestation by S. litura larvae, but also with the exogenous application of their oral secretions in tomato. A microarray analysis identified cell-wall–associated defense genes as loliolide-responsive tomato genes, and exogenous JA application did not induce the expression of these genes. Suppressor of zeaxanthin-less (szl), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant with a point mutation in a key gene of the β-carotene metabolic pathway, exhibited the decreased accumulation of endogenous loliolide and increased susceptibility to infestation by the western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis). A pretreatment with loliolide decreased susceptibility to thrips in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant coronatine-insensitive1. Exogenous loliolide did not restore reduced electrolyte leakage in szl in response to a HR-inducing bacterial strain. These results suggest that loliolide functions as an endogenous signal that mediates defense responses to herbivores, possibly independently of JA, at least in tomato and Arabidopsis plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Loliolide was identified as the resistance-inducing substance in infected tobacco leaves.
- Taxon
- tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Interactor
- Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- herbivore-resistance-inducing substancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An herbivore-resistance-inducing substance was isolated from Tobacco mosaic virus-infected tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves in which a hypersensitive response (HR) was induced and identified as loliolide”
Claim · model-written summary
Loliolide application decreased two-spotted spider mite survival on tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- loliolidee0
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticae
.jpg?width=60)
Tetranychus urticaee0pest - Outcome
- survival rate of the two-spotted spider mitee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“When applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves, loliolide decreased the survival rate of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, egg deposition by the same pest, and the survival rate of larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura without exhibiting toxicity against these herbivores”
Claim · model-written summary
Loliolide application decreased two-spotted spider mite egg deposition on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- loliolidee0
- Interactor
- Tetranychus urticaeTetranychus urticaee0pest
- Outcome
- egg depositione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves, loliolide decreased the survival rate of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, egg deposition by the same pest, and the survival rate of larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura without exhibiting toxicity against these herbivores”
Claim · model-written summary
Loliolide application decreased common cutworm larval survival on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)Solanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- loliolidee0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera litura
Spodoptera liturae0pest - Outcome
- survival rate of larvae of the common cutworme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When applied to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves, loliolide decreased the survival rate of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, egg deposition by the same pest, and the survival rate of larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura without exhibiting toxicity against these herbivores”
Claim · model-written summary
Loliolide showed no toxicity to the tested herbivores.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“without exhibiting toxicity against these herbivores”
Claim · model-written summary
Common cutworm infestation increased endogenous loliolide in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- infestation by S. litura larvaee0
- Interactor
- S. lituraSpodoptera liturae0pest
- Outcome
- Endogenous loliolide levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endogenous loliolide levels increased not only with an infestation by S. litura larvae, but also with the exogenous application of their oral secretions in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Cutworm oral secretions increased endogenous loliolide in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of their oral secretionse0
- Interactor
- S. lituraSpodoptera liturae0pest
- Outcome
- Endogenous loliolide levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Endogenous loliolide levels increased not only with an infestation by S. litura larvae, but also with the exogenous application of their oral secretions in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Microarray analysis identified cell-wall-associated defense genes responsive to loliolide in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Gene
- cell-wall–associated defense genese0
- Outcome
- loliolide-responsive tomato genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A microarray analysis identified cell-wall–associated defense genes as loliolide-responsive tomato genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous JA did not induce those tomato defense genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- exogenous JA applicatione0
- Outcome
- expression of these genese0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous JA application did not induce the expression of these genes”
e1“loliolide-responsive tomato genes”
Claim · model-written summary
The Arabidopsis szl mutant accumulated less endogenous loliolide.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Material
- Suppressor of zeaxanthin-less (szl)e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of endogenous loliolidee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suppressor of zeaxanthin-less (szl), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant with a point mutation in a key gene of the β-carotene metabolic pathway, exhibited the decreased accumulation of endogenous loliolide”
Claim · model-written summary
The Arabidopsis szl mutant was more susceptible to western flower thrips.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianae0
- Material
- Suppressor of zeaxanthin-less (szl)e0
- Interactor
- western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis)
Frankliniella occidentalise0pest - Outcome
- susceptibility to infestatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suppressor of zeaxanthin-less (szl), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant with a point mutation in a key gene of the β-carotene metabolic pathway, exhibited the decreased accumulation of endogenous loliolide and increased susceptibility to infestation by the western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Loliolide pretreatment decreased thrip susceptibility in JA-insensitive Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- coronatine-insensitive1e0
- Treatment
- pretreatment with loliolidee0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to thripse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
ThripsNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pretreatment with loliolide decreased susceptibility to thrips in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant coronatine-insensitive1”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous loliolide did not restore electrolyte leakage in szl after a bacterial challenge.
- Material
- szle0
- Treatment
- Exogenous loliolidee0
- Interactor
- HR-inducing bacterial straine0pathogen
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- did not restoree0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous loliolide did not restore reduced electrolyte leakage in szl in response to a HR-inducing bacterial strain”
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