Abstract
Major challenge in rice production is to achieve the goal of enhancing both food production and fertilizer use efficiency. Rice growth simulation model, ORYZA (v3) was used in the present study to evaluate the model under continuous flooded (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) regimes with different fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates with different N splits using a historical data of past 45 years. The model satisfactorily simulated crop biomass and nitrogen uptake at both irrigation regimes and fertilizers N rates and splits. The yield differences among the years were large due to climate change, but enhanced by N rates. The response of N curves was different at both water regimes. At 0 N rate, the slope for agronomic efficiency (AE) was high which tends to decrease with increase in N rates. With the one split basal application of N, lowest yield was found with high physiological efficiencies (PE), lowest fertilizer recoveries (RE) and lowest agronomic efficiency (AE). For both water applications and fertilizer levels, high yield with high nitrogen uptake, AE, RE and partial factor productivity (PFP) were witnessed high at four split (3:3:3:1), while having low physiological efficiency. The water productivity (irrigation + rainfall) WPI+R at basal in one N split for AWD at 150 kg N ha−1 was 1.19 kg m−3 and for CF was 0.82 kg m−3, whereas for 225 kg N ha−1 WPI+R of AWD was 1.50 kg m−3 and 1.14 kg m−3 for CF. In general, AWD exhibited high WPI+R with no rice yield penalty compared to CF. Splitting with the proper amount of fertilizer N resulted in good water productivity and nitrogen efficiencies, could lead to high rice yield.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
ORYZA satisfactorily simulated rice biomass and nitrogen uptake across irrigation and fertilizer regimes.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- crop biomass and nitrogen uptakee0
- Comparator
- both irrigation regimes and fertilizers N rates and splitse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The model satisfactorily simulated crop biomass and nitrogen uptake at both irrigation regimes and fertilizers N rates and splits.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield varied greatly among years because of climate change and was enhanced by nitrogen rates.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- yield differencese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield differences among the years were large due to climate change, but enhanced by N rates.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen response curves differed between water regimes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- both water regimese0
- Outcome
- response of N curvese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of N curves was different at both water regimes.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic efficiency decreased as nitrogen rates increased from zero.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N ratese0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency (AE)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 0 N rate, the slope for agronomic efficiency (AE) was high which tends to decrease with increase in N rates.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
One basal nitrogen split produced the lowest rice yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- one split basal application of Ne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the one split basal application of N, lowest yield was found with high physiological efficiencies (PE), lowest fertilizer recoveries (RE) and lowest agronomic efficiency (AE).”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
One basal nitrogen split gave high physiological efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- one split basal application of Ne0
- Outcome
- physiological efficiencies (PE)e0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the one split basal application of N, lowest yield was found with high physiological efficiencies (PE), lowest fertilizer recoveries (RE) and lowest agronomic efficiency (AE).”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
One basal nitrogen split gave the lowest fertilizer recovery.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- one split basal application of Ne0
- Outcome
- fertilizer recoveries (RE)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the one split basal application of N, lowest yield was found with high physiological efficiencies (PE), lowest fertilizer recoveries (RE) and lowest agronomic efficiency (AE).”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
One basal nitrogen split gave the lowest agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- one split basal application of Ne0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency (AE)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the one split basal application of N, lowest yield was found with high physiological efficiencies (PE), lowest fertilizer recoveries (RE) and lowest agronomic efficiency (AE).”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Four nitrogen splits produced high rice yield under both water applications and fertilizer levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- four split (3:3:3:1)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both water applications and fertilizer levels, high yield with high nitrogen uptake, AE, RE and partial factor productivity (PFP) were witnessed high at four split (3:3:3:1), while having low physiological efficiency.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Four nitrogen splits produced high nitrogen uptake, agronomic efficiency and fertilizer recovery.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- four split (3:3:3:1)e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake, AE, REe0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both water applications and fertilizer levels, high yield with high nitrogen uptake, AE, RE and partial factor productivity (PFP) were witnessed high at four split (3:3:3:1), while having low physiological efficiency.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Four nitrogen splits produced high partial factor productivity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- four split (3:3:3:1)e0
- Outcome
- partial factor productivity (PFP)e0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both water applications and fertilizer levels, high yield with high nitrogen uptake, AE, RE and partial factor productivity (PFP) were witnessed high at four split (3:3:3:1), while having low physiological efficiency.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Four nitrogen splits produced low physiological efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- four split (3:3:3:1)e0
- Outcome
- physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both water applications and fertilizer levels, high yield with high nitrogen uptake, AE, RE and partial factor productivity (PFP) were witnessed high at four split (3:3:3:1), while having low physiological efficiency.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 kg N ha−1 with basal application, AWD water productivity was 1.19 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD at 150 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- water productivity (irrigation + rainfall) WPI+Re0
- Value
- 1.19 kg m−3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water productivity (irrigation + rainfall) WPI+R at basal in one N split for AWD at 150 kg N ha−1 was 1.19 kg m−3 and for CF was 0.82 kg m−3”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 150 kg N ha−1 with basal application, CF water productivity was 0.82 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CFe0
- Outcome
- water productivity (irrigation + rainfall) WPI+Re0
- Value
- 0.82 kg m−3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water productivity (irrigation + rainfall) WPI+R at basal in one N split for AWD at 150 kg N ha−1 was 1.19 kg m−3 and for CF was 0.82 kg m−3”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 225 kg N ha−1, AWD water productivity was 1.50 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- WPI+Re0
- Value
- 1.50 kg m−3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas for 225 kg N ha−1 WPI+R of AWD was 1.50 kg m−3 and 1.14 kg m−3 for CF.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
At 225 kg N ha−1, CF water productivity was 1.14 kg m−3.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CFe0
- Outcome
- WPI+Re0
- Value
- 1.14 kg m−3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas for 225 kg N ha−1 WPI+R of AWD was 1.50 kg m−3 and 1.14 kg m−3 for CF.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD generally gave higher water productivity than CF.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, AWD exhibited high WPI+R with no rice yield penalty compared to CF.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD had no rice yield penalty compared with CF.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- rice yield penaltye0
- Direction
- no rice yield penaltye0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, AWD exhibited high WPI+R with no rice yield penalty compared to CF.”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate nitrogen splitting could improve water productivity and nitrogen efficiencies and lead to high rice yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Splitting with the proper amount of fertilizer Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Splitting with the proper amount of fertilizer N resulted in good water productivity and nitrogen efficiencies, could lead to high rice yield.”
t0“Rice”
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