Abstract
This study aimed to adopt the concept of 4R nutrient stewardship for growing off-season tomatoes in high tunnels.The tomato crop (Hybrid 'Sahel'), grown in high tunnels, was applied with NPK fertilizer at the rate of 80:80:90 kg ha -1 (after each 15, 30 and 45 days interval) for four months and its effect on tomato yield and quality parameters was investigated.Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%) and improved shelf-life (~ 10 days).However, NPK application at 15 day intervals was not economical in terms of total fertilizer cost incurred and subsequent yield obtained.Application of NPK at 30 day intervals was the most economical (value-cost ratio > 9.0 PKR) among all application intervals.This study suggested that implementation of the concept of 4Rs i.e., right source, right rate, right placement and right timing of fertilizer application is an effective tool for the production of high quality off-season tomatoes in high tunnels.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals produced the highest fruit NPK uptake.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- NPK uptakee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.32 kg m -2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave fruit total soluble solids of 5.6°Brix.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.6°Brixe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave fruit total acidity of 0.43%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- total aciditye0
- Value
- 0.43%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave fruit protein content of 15.31%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave fruit beta-carotene content of 0.86 mg per 100 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- β-carotenese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.86 mg 100 g -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave total phenolics of 2.34 mg per 100 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- total phenolicse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.34 mg 100 g -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave total flavonoids of 7.14 mg per 100 g.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- total flavonoidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 7.14 mg 100 g -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals gave antioxidant activity of 83.77%.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 83.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%)”
t0“tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals improved fruit shelf life to about 10 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- shelf-lifee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Application of NPK at 15 day intervals resulted in the highest nutritional quality of fruit (NPK uptake 4.32 kg m -2 , total soluble solids 5.6°Brix, total acidity 0.43%, protein content 15.31%, β-carotenes 0.86 mg 100 g -1 , total phenolics 2.34 mg 100 g -1 , total flavonoids 7.14 mg 100 g -1 , antioxidant activity 83.77%) and improved shelf-life (~ 10 days)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 15-day intervals was not economical given fertilizer cost and yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK application at 15 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- not economicale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“NPK application at 15 day intervals was not economical in terms of total fertilizer cost incurred and subsequent yield obtained”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK at 30-day intervals was most economical, with value-cost ratio over 9.0 PKR.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NPK at 30 day intervalse0
- Outcome
- value-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- most economicale0
- Value
- > 9.0 PKRe0
- Comparator
- all application intervalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomatoes”
e0“Application of NPK at 30 day intervals was the most economical (value-cost ratio > 9.0 PKR) among all application intervals”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 4R fertilizer stewardship for quality off-season tomato production.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- implementation of the concept of 4Rse0
- Outcome
- production of high quality off-season tomatoese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“implementation of the concept of 4Rs i.e., right source, right rate, right placement and right timing of fertilizer application is an effective tool for the production of high quality off-season tomatoes in high tunnels”
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