Abstract
Abstract Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae , represents a major problem in most lettuce production areas worldwide. In the present study, a number of resistance inducers, organic amendments and biocontrol agents were applied in a preventative way, in experimental and commercial situations, to soils artificially or naturally infested with race 1 of the pathogen, and to moderately susceptible lettuce cultivars. Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions. Moreover, potassium phosphite, green compost, B. subtilis Qst713 and T. asperellum + T. gamsii , also showed a positive effect on plant development. In general, the results of the different treatments in naturally infested soil were similar to those observed in glasshouse trials under artificial inoculation. Potassium phosphite provided a consistent disease reduction (48%–62% in artificially infested soil and 60%–75% in naturally infested soil). The effects of adding 10% compost to a peat growing medium in the nursery, followed by a soil mixing application when lettuce was transplanted, significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt (50%–59% efficacy) and increased fresh biomass production. Compost enrichment with Trichoderma TW2 generally further increased its efficacy. When tested under field conditions, the commercially available Trichoderma spp. and B. subtilis, together with experimental strains of Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp., applied at the nursery level, provided a disease reduction of 30%–78%. Early application of the different control measures under nursery conditions and at lettuce transplant is noteworthy because it was carried out at a more localized level, with reduced amounts of products. Their use in practice should be integrated with other control strategies.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium phosphite consistently controlled lettuce Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- Lettuce
Lactuca sativae1 - Treatment
- Potassium phosphitee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen - Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- most consistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Acibenzolar‐S‐methyl consistently controlled lettuce Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- acibenzolar‐S‐methyle0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- most consistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Green composts consistently controlled lettuce Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- green compostse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- most consistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis Qst713 consistently controlled lettuce Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis Qst713e0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis Qst713
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- most consistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum with T. gamsii consistently controlled lettuce Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsiie0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- most consistente0
- Qualifier
- Trichoderma gamsiie0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas strains consistently controlled lettuce Fusarium wilt.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas strainse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Pseudomonas strainse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- most consistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite, acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, green composts, and Bacillus subtilis Qst713, Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma gamsii , and Pseudomonas strains achieved the most consistent disease control under the experimental conditions.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium phosphite, green compost, B. subtilis Qst713 and T. asperellum with T. gamsii each improved plant development.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- potassium phosphite, green compost, B. subtilis Qst713 and T. asperellum + T. gamsiie0
- Outcome
- plant developmente0
- Direction
- positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium phosphite, green compost, B. subtilis Qst713 and T. asperellum + T. gamsii , also showed a positive effect on plant development.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Naturally infested soil treatments performed similarly to glasshouse artificial inoculation.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- results of the different treatmentse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- glasshouse trials under artificial inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the results of the different treatments in naturally infested soil were similar to those observed in glasshouse trials under artificial inoculation.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium phosphite reduced disease by 48%–62% in artificially infested soil.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Potassium phosphitee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 48%–62%e0
- Setting
- artificially infested soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite provided a consistent disease reduction (48%–62% in artificially infested soil and 60%–75% in naturally infested soil).”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium phosphite reduced disease by 60%–75% in naturally infested soil.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Potassium phosphitee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 60%–75%e0
- Setting
- naturally infested soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium phosphite provided a consistent disease reduction (48%–62% in artificially infested soil and 60%–75% in naturally infested soil).”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten percent nursery compost followed by soil mixing at transplant reduced Fusarium wilt severity by 50%–59%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- adding 10% compost to a peat growing medium in the nursery, followed by a soil mixing applicatione0
- Outcome
- severity of Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%–59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding 10% compost to a peat growing medium in the nursery, followed by a soil mixing application when lettuce was transplanted, significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt (50%–59% efficacy) and increased fresh biomass production.”
Claim · model-written summary
The compost treatment increased fresh biomass production.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- adding 10% compost to a peat growing medium in the nursery, followed by a soil mixing applicatione0
- Outcome
- fresh biomass productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding 10% compost to a peat growing medium in the nursery, followed by a soil mixing application when lettuce was transplanted, significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt (50%–59% efficacy) and increased fresh biomass production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma TW2 enrichment generally increased compost efficacy.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Compost enrichment with Trichoderma TW2e0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma TW2e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost enrichment with Trichoderma TW2 generally further increased its efficacy.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Nursery-applied biological agents reduced field disease by 30%–78%.
- Taxon
- LettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- applied at the nursery levele0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaeFusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucaee1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma spp.
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 30%–78%e0
- Qualifier
- B. subtilis, together with experimental strains of Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp.e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the commercially available Trichoderma spp. and B. subtilis, together with experimental strains of Pseudomonas and Trichoderma spp., applied at the nursery level, provided a disease reduction of 30%–78%.”
e1“Lettuce Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend integrating nursery control measures with other strategies.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- integrated with other control strategiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Their use in practice should be integrated with other control strategies.”
e1“lettuce transplant”
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See all 38 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.