Abstract
Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains is a major concern for rice production, particularly with respect to climate change. Although the formation of chalkiness in the endosperm is suppressed by nitrogen, little is known about the cell-specific dynamics of this process. Here, using picolitre pressure-probe electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry together with transmission electron microscopy and turgor measurements, we examine heat-induced chalkiness in single endosperm cells of intact rice seeds produced under controlled environmental conditions. Exposure to heat stress decreased turgor pressure and increased the cytosolic accumulation of sugars, glutathione, and amino acids, particularly cysteine. Heat stress also led to a significant enlargement of the protein storage vacuoles but with little accumulation of storage proteins. Crucially, this heat-induced partial arrest of amyloplast development led to formation of chalkiness. Whilst increased nitrogen availability also resulted in increased accumulation of amino acids, there was no decrease in turgor pressure. The heat-induced accumulation of cysteine and glutathione was much less marked in the presence of nitrogen, and storage proteins were produced without chalkiness. These data provide important information on the cell dynamics of heat acclimation that underpin the formation of chalkiness in the rice endosperm. We conclude that rice seeds employ multiple strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress in a manner that is dependent on nitrogen availability, and that the regulation of protein synthesis may play a crucial role in optimizing organelle compartmentation during heat adaption.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress decreased turgor pressure in rice endosperm cells.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- turgor pressuree1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Exposure to heat stress decreased turgor pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased the cytosolic accumulation of sugars, glutathione and amino acids in rice endosperm cells, particularly cysteine.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- heat stresse1
- Outcome
- cytosolic accumulation of sugars, glutathione, and amino acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- particularly cysteinee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Exposure to heat stress decreased turgor pressure and increased the cytosolic accumulation of sugars, glutathione, and amino acids, particularly cysteine”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly enlarged the protein storage vacuoles of rice endosperm cells.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- protein storage vacuolese1
- Direction
- enlargemente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Heat stress also led to a significant enlargement of the protein storage vacuoles but with little accumulation of storage proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress caused little accumulation of storage proteins in rice endosperm cells.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of storage proteinse1
- Direction
- littlee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Heat stress also led to a significant enlargement of the protein storage vacuoles but with little accumulation of storage proteins”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat-induced partial arrest of amyloplast development leads to the formation of chalkiness in rice endosperm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- formation of chalkinesse1
- Qualifier
- heat-induced partial arrest of amyloplast developmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Crucially, this heat-induced partial arrest of amyloplast development led to formation of chalkiness”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased nitrogen availability increased the accumulation of amino acids in rice endosperm cells under heat.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increased nitrogen availabilitye1
- Outcome
- accumulation of amino acidse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Whilst increased nitrogen availability also resulted in increased accumulation of amino acids, there was no decrease in turgor pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased nitrogen availability caused no decrease in turgor pressure in rice endosperm cells.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increased nitrogen availabilitye1
- Outcome
- turgor pressuree1
- Direction
- no decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“Whilst increased nitrogen availability also resulted in increased accumulation of amino acids, there was no decrease in turgor pressure”
Claim · model-written summary
The heat-induced accumulation of cysteine and glutathione was much less marked in the presence of nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- in the presence of nitrogene1
- Outcome
- accumulation of cysteine and glutathionee1
- Direction
- much less markede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“The heat-induced accumulation of cysteine and glutathione was much less marked in the presence of nitrogen, and storage proteins were produced without chalkiness”
Claim · model-written summary
In the presence of nitrogen, rice storage proteins were produced without chalkiness.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- in the presence of nitrogene1
- Outcome
- storage proteins were produced without chalkinesse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“The heat-induced accumulation of cysteine and glutathione was much less marked in the presence of nitrogen, and storage proteins were produced without chalkiness”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice seeds employ multiple strategies, dependent on nitrogen availability, to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- mitigate the adverse effects of heat stresse1
- Qualifier
- dependent on nitrogen availabilitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“rice seeds employ multiple strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of heat stress in a manner that is dependent on nitrogen availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Regulation of protein synthesis may play a crucial role in optimizing organelle compartmentation during heat adaptation in rice seeds.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- optimizing organelle compartmentatione1
- Qualifier
- regulation of protein synthesise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat-induced chalkiness of rice grains”
e1“the regulation of protein synthesis may play a crucial role in optimizing organelle compartmentation during heat adaption”
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See all 34 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.