Abstract
The effect of ultrasound washing with different frequencies including sweeping, fixed and combined fixed frequencies on Escherichia coli inactivation and selected physical and chemical qualities of Chinese cabbage were investigated. Colour, microstructure, total chlorophyll, total carotenes, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power activities were measured using standard in vitro assays. In contrast with water washed samples, ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts, approximately 20% improvement in total phenolic content and over 32% increase in reducing power activity. There was, however, a marginal improvement in DPPH radical scavenging activity and a decrease in hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of micro-fractures and minute holes and dislodging of surface particles Ultrasound washing improved the perceptible visual colour (∆E) and the greenish appearance of the leaves. Practical applications Multi-frequency power ultrasound washing of fresh produce is a recent application of varying frequencies in decontamination of fresh produce. The remarkable influence of ultrasonic frequency aside other operating parameters in the removal of contaminants on fruits and vegetable surfaces influenced this study. The results reported in this experimental study may be considered for application in the inactivation of microorganisms including E. coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. This washing technique may also be used in combination with other studied physical or chemical preservation methods as a synergy to enhance microbial removal and quality characteristics of fresh produce in the food industry.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Washing at 40 kHz reduced E. coli counts by more than 3 log CFU/g compared with water washing.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbage
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0 - Treatment
- ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHze0
- Interactor
- E. coli
.jpg?width=60)
Escherichia colie0pathogen - Outcome
- E. coli countse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- >3 log CFU/ge0
- Comparator
- water washed samplese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In contrast with water washed samples, ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing at 40 kHz improved total phenolic content by approximately 20%.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHze0
- Outcome
- total phenolic contente0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- approximately 20%e0
- Comparator
- water washed samplese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts, approximately 20% improvement in total phenolic content”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
e1“In contrast with water washed samples, ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing at 40 kHz increased reducing power activity by over 32%.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHze1
- Outcome
- reducing power activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- over 32%e0
- Comparator
- water washed samplese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“over 32% increase in reducing power activity”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
e1“In contrast with water washed samples, ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound washing marginally improved DPPH radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- ultrasound washinge1
- Outcome
- DPPH radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a marginal improvement in DPPH radical scavenging activity”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
e1“In contrast with water washed samples, ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound washing decreased hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Treatment
- ultrasound washinge1
- Outcome
- hydroxyl radical scavenging activitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in hydroxyl radical scavenging activity”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
e1“In contrast with water washed samples, ultrasound washing with a fixed frequency of 40 kHz resulted in >3 log CFU/g reduction in E. coli counts”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound washed cabbage showed micro-fractures, minute holes and dislodged surface particles.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Outcome
- micro-fractures and minute holes and dislodging of surface particlese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scanning electron micrographs revealed the presence of micro-fractures and minute holes and dislodging of surface particles”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound washing improved perceptible visual colour and greenish leaf appearance.
- Taxon
- Chinese cabbageBrassica rapa subsp. pekinensist0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Ultrasound washinge0
- Outcome
- perceptible visual colour (∆E) and the greenish appearance of the leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ultrasound washing improved the perceptible visual colour (∆E) and the greenish appearance of the leaves”
t0“Chinese cabbage”
t1“ultrasound surface washing treatments”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: phytochemicals · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results agree
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- positive
- positive
- positive
processing · quality: postharvest · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.