Abstract
To elucidate molecular mechanisms controlling differential growth responses to root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi varying in colonization and cooperative behavior, a pot experiment was carried out using two soybean genotypes and three AM inocula. The results showed that inoculation by cooperative Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) or less cooperative Glomus aggregatum with high AM colonization (Ga-H) significantly promoted plant growth compared with inoculation by G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L). A comparative RNA sequencing analysis of the root transcriptomes showed that fatty acid synthesis pathway was significantly enriched in all three AM inoculation roots. However, sugar metabolism and transport were significantly enriched only in Ri and Ga-H inoculation, which was consistent with positive growth responses in these two inoculation treatments. Accordingly, the expression levels of the key genes related to sugar metabolism and transport were also upregulated in Ri and Ga-H roots compared with Ga-L roots. Of them, two sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEET) transporter genes, GmSWEET6 (Glyma.04G198600) and GmSWEET15 (Glyma.06G166800), and one invertase (Glyma.17G227900) gene were exclusively induced only in Ri and Ga-H roots. Promoter analyses in transgenic soybean roots further demonstrated that GUS driven by the GmSWEET6 promoter was highly expressed in arbuscule-containing cortical cells. Additionally, Ri and Ga-H inoculation increased the contents of sucrose, glucose and fructose in both shoots and roots compared with those of Ga-L and non-mycorrhizal. These results imply that positive mycorrhizal growth responses in plants might mostly be due to the stimulation of photosynthate metabolism and transport by AM fungal inoculum with high colonization capabilities.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis promoted soybean growth compared with inoculation with low-colonising Glomus aggregatum.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- inoculation by cooperative Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri)e1
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularis
Rhizophagus irregularise1symbiont - Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- inoculation by G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L)e1
- Setting
- pot experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e0“a pot experiment was carried out using two soybean genotypes and three AM inocula”
e1“inoculation by cooperative Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) or less cooperative Glomus aggregatum with high AM colonization (Ga-H) significantly promoted plant growth compared with inoculation by G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with high-colonising Glomus aggregatum promoted soybean growth compared with low-colonising G. aggregatum.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glomus aggregatum with high AM colonization (Ga-H)e1
- Interactor
- Glomus aggregatumRhizophagus aggregatuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Comparator
- G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L)e1
- Setting
- pot experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e0“a pot experiment was carried out using two soybean genotypes and three AM inocula”
e1“inoculation by cooperative Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) or less cooperative Glomus aggregatum with high AM colonization (Ga-H) significantly promoted plant growth compared with inoculation by G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acid synthesis pathway was significantly enriched in roots under all three AM inoculations.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- AM inoculatione3
- Outcome
- fatty acid synthesis pathwaye3
- Direction
- enrichede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e3“fatty acid synthesis pathway was significantly enriched in all three AM inoculation roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar metabolism and transport were significantly enriched in roots inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Rie2
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus irregularisRhizophagus irregularise1symbiont
- Outcome
- sugar metabolism and transporte2
- Direction
- enrichede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e1“inoculation by cooperative Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) or less cooperative Glomus aggregatum with high AM colonization (Ga-H) significantly promoted plant growth compared with inoculation by G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L)”
e2“sugar metabolism and transport were significantly enriched only in Ri and Ga-H inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugar metabolism and transport were significantly enriched in roots inoculated with high-colonising Glomus aggregatum.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ga-He2
- Interactor
- Glomus aggregatumRhizophagus aggregatuse1symbiont
- Outcome
- sugar metabolism and transporte2
- Direction
- enrichede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e1“inoculation by cooperative Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) or less cooperative Glomus aggregatum with high AM colonization (Ga-H) significantly promoted plant growth compared with inoculation by G. aggregatum with low AM colonization (Ga-L)”
e2“sugar metabolism and transport were significantly enriched only in Ri and Ga-H inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
SWEET transporter genes GmSWEET6 and GmSWEET15 and one invertase gene were induced exclusively in roots inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Rie5
- Gene
- GmSWEET6 (Glyma.04G198600) and GmSWEET15 (Glyma.06G166800), and one invertase (Glyma.17G227900) genee5
- Outcome
- transporter genese5
- Direction
- inducede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e5“transporter genes, GmSWEET6 (Glyma.04G198600) and GmSWEET15 (Glyma.06G166800), and one invertase (Glyma.17G227900) gene were exclusively induced only in Ri and Ga-H roots”
Claim · model-written summary
SWEET transporter genes GmSWEET6 and GmSWEET15 and one invertase gene were induced exclusively in roots inoculated with high-colonising Glomus aggregatum.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ga-He5
- Gene
- GmSWEET6 (Glyma.04G198600) and GmSWEET15 (Glyma.06G166800), and one invertase (Glyma.17G227900) genee5
- Outcome
- transporter genese5
- Direction
- inducede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e5“transporter genes, GmSWEET6 (Glyma.04G198600) and GmSWEET15 (Glyma.06G166800), and one invertase (Glyma.17G227900) gene were exclusively induced only in Ri and Ga-H roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of key sugar metabolism and transport genes was upregulated in Rhizophagus irregularis roots compared with low-colonising Glomus aggregatum roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Rie4
- Outcome
- expression levels of the key genes related to sugar metabolism and transporte4
- Direction
- upregulatede4
- Comparator
- Ga-L rootse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e4“the expression levels of the key genes related to sugar metabolism and transport were also upregulated in Ri and Ga-H roots compared with Ga-L roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression of key sugar metabolism and transport genes was upregulated in high-colonising Glomus aggregatum roots compared with low-colonising Glomus aggregatum roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ga-He4
- Outcome
- expression levels of the key genes related to sugar metabolism and transporte4
- Direction
- upregulatede4
- Comparator
- Ga-L rootse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e4“the expression levels of the key genes related to sugar metabolism and transport were also upregulated in Ri and Ga-H roots compared with Ga-L roots”
Claim · model-written summary
The GmSWEET6 promoter drove GUS expression that was highly expressed in arbuscule-containing cortical cells of transgenic soybean roots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- transgenic soybean rootse7
- Organ / stage
- arbuscule-containing cortical cellse7
- Gene
- GmSWEET6e7
- Outcome
- GUSe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e7“Promoter analyses in transgenic soybean roots further demonstrated that GUS driven by the GmSWEET6 promoter was highly expressed in arbuscule-containing cortical cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation increased sucrose, glucose and fructose contents in shoots and roots compared with low-colonising Glomus aggregatum and non-mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse6
- Treatment
- Rie6
- Outcome
- contents of sucrose, glucose and fructosee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- Ga-L and non-mycorrhizale6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e6“Ri and Ga-H inoculation increased the contents of sucrose, glucose and fructose in both shoots and roots compared with those of Ga-L and non-mycorrhizal”
Claim · model-written summary
High-colonising Glomus aggregatum inoculation increased sucrose, glucose and fructose contents in shoots and roots compared with low-colonising G. aggregatum and non-mycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse6
- Treatment
- Ga-He6
- Outcome
- contents of sucrose, glucose and fructosee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- Ga-L and non-mycorrhizale6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e6“Ri and Ga-H inoculation increased the contents of sucrose, glucose and fructose in both shoots and roots compared with those of Ga-L and non-mycorrhizal”
Claim · model-written summary
Positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean might mostly be due to stimulated photosynthate metabolism and transport by AM fungal inoculum with high colonisation capacity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- positive mycorrhizal growth responsese7
- Qualifier
- stimulation of photosynthate metabolism and transporte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in soybean”
e7“positive mycorrhizal growth responses in plants might mostly be due to the stimulation of photosynthate metabolism and transport by AM fungal inoculum with high colonization capabilities”
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See all 358 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.