Abstract
Foxtail millet [Setaria italic (L.) Beauv.], a widely cultivated food and fodder crop, develops a smaller root system while enlarges the root diameter facilitating nutrient transport under nitrogen limitation. How foxtail millet responds to phosphate limitation (LP) remains unaddressed. LP seedlings of the sequenced variety Yugu1 had significantly lower P concentrations in both shoots and roots and displayed higher levels of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves, indicating that the seedlings suffered from P limitation under hydroponic culture. One obvious and adaptive phenotype of LP plants was the larger root system mostly as the result of stimulation of lateral root proliferation in terms of the number, density, and length. Preferential biomass accumulation in the root under LP ensured carbon provision for root expansion and resulted in significant increases in the total and specific root length, which substantially extended the absorptive surface of P in the growth medium. Elevation of auxin and gibberellin concentrations might serve as an internal boost underpinning root architectural re-patterning under LP. Not just morphological adaptation, up-regulation of expression of SiPHT1;1 and SiPHT1;4 in roots and that of SiPHT1;2 in roots and shoots preconditioned adaptive enhancement of P uptake and translocation under LP. On the basis of a larger root system of LP plants, internal nitrogen surpluses occurred as indicated by higher concentrations of nitrogen in roots and dramatic increases in free amino acids in shoots and roots. Such nitrogen surplus ‘signals’ tended to switch down expression of nitrate transporters SiNRT2.1 and SiNAR2.1 in the root and that of SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12 in the shoot to reduce nitrate mobilization towards or within the shoot. Together, our work provided new insights into adaption of a critical cereal crop to LP and its innate connection with nitrogen nutrition.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate limitation significantly lowered P concentrations in shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- Foxtail Millet
Setaria italicat0 - Material
- Yugu1e0
- Treatment
- phosphate limitation (LP)e1
- Outcome
- P concentrations in both shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LP seedlings of the sequenced variety Yugu1 had significantly lower P concentrations in both shoots and roots”
e1“phosphate limitation (LP)”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate-limited seedlings accumulated more leaf anthocyanin.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulation in leavese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“displayed higher levels of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves”
e1“LP seedlings”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate limitation produced a larger root system through more numerous, denser and longer lateral roots.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Outcome
- lateral root proliferation in terms of the number, density, and lengthe0
- Direction
- stimulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the larger root system mostly as the result of stimulation of lateral root proliferation in terms of the number, density, and length”
e1“One obvious and adaptive phenotype of LP plants”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass accumulation under LP supported root expansion.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- LPe0
- Outcome
- carbon provision for root expansione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preferential biomass accumulation in the root under LP ensured carbon provision for root expansion”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Total and specific root length increased significantly under phosphate limitation.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Outcome
- total and specific root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in the total and specific root length”
e1“root under LP ensured carbon provision”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher auxin and gibberellin concentrations may underpin root architecture changes under LP.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe0
- Compound
- auxin and gibberelline0
- Outcome
- root architectural re-patterninge0
- Qualifier
- might serve as an internal booste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevation of auxin and gibberellin concentrations might serve as an internal boost underpinning root architectural re-patterning under LP.”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Root expression of SiPHT1;1 and SiPHT1;4 increased under LP.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Gene
- SiPHT1;1 and SiPHT1;4e0
- Outcome
- expression of SiPHT1;1 and SiPHT1;4 in rootse0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulation of expression of SiPHT1;1 and SiPHT1;4 in roots”
e1“translocation under LP”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
SiPHT1;2 expression increased in roots and shoots under LP.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Gene
- SiPHT1;2e0
- Outcome
- SiPHT1;2 in roots and shootse0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulation of expression of SiPHT1;1 and SiPHT1;4 in roots and that of SiPHT1;2 in roots and shoots”
e1“translocation under LP”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Root nitrogen concentration was higher under phosphate limitation.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Outcome
- concentrations of nitrogen in rootse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher concentrations of nitrogen in roots”
e1“larger root system of LP plants”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Free amino acids increased dramatically in shoots and roots under LP.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Treatment
- LPe1
- Outcome
- free amino acids in shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dramatic increases in free amino acids in shoots and roots”
e1“larger root system of LP plants”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Root SiNRT2.1 and SiNAR2.1 expression tended to decrease with nitrogen surplus signals.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Gene
- SiNRT2.1 and SiNAR2.1e0
- Outcome
- expression of nitrate transporters SiNRT2.1 and SiNAR2.1 in the roote0
- Direction
- switch downe0
- Qualifier
- tended toe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen surplus ‘signals’ tended to switch down expression of nitrate transporters SiNRT2.1 and SiNAR2.1 in the root”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12 expression tended to decrease with nitrogen surplus signals.
- Taxon
- Foxtail MilletSetaria italicat0
- Gene
- SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12e0
- Outcome
- SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12 in the shoote0
- Direction
- switch downe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Such nitrogen surplus ‘signals’ tended to switch down expression of nitrate transporters SiNRT2.1 and SiNAR2.1 in the root and that of SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12 in the shoot”
t0“Foxtail Millet”
The same questions in other papers
phosphorus · molecular: expression · Setaria italica (foxtail millet)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
phosphorus · growth · Setaria italica (foxtail millet)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.