Abstract
The prevalence of herbicide resistance and lack of effective management options for controlling problematic weeds such as barnyardgrass and weedy rice in Arkansas rice production has led to exploration of alternative herbicide sites of action (SOA). Very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicides are not currently labeled for use in U.S. rice production but have been used with success in other row crops and in rice production in Asia. Based on preliminary research, rice tolerance and weed control were evaluated following various application timings and rates of acetochlor and pethoxamid, in addition to several other VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides. Rice tolerance to acetochlor was maximized when applied in a microencapsulated (ME) formulation at the 1-leaf growth stage. Rice also demonstrated adequate tolerance to ME acetochlor applied delayed-preemergence (DPRE); however, when activating rainfall was received soon after application, unacceptable rice injury was observed and is therefore not recommended. When properly activated, barnyardgrass control and rough rice yield was comparable between acetochlor-based herbicide programs and clomazone-based programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems. However, it should be noted that early-season barnyardgrass control and rough rice yields were generally higher following clomazone-based herbicide programs due to minimal rice injury and excellent barnyardgrass control in all environments. Both ME acetochlor and pethoxamid provided early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting. Although DPRE applications were the most effective for weed control, they pose extreme risk for rice injury and should be avoided. In contrast, weed control was slightly reduced by delaying applications to 1-leaf rice but risk for rice injury was also decreased. Winter-applied VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides caused tolerable injury to rice planted the following spring. Microencapsulated acetochlor and pyroxasulfone provided considerable suppression of weedy rice for as long as seven weeks after planting, suggesting an alternative method for controlling weedy rice. Should ME acetochlor and pethoxamid be registered for use in U.S. rice production, they have potential to provide growers with an alternative SOA to combat herbicide resistance and control problematic weed species.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Rice tolerance to acetochlor was maximized when applied as a microencapsulated formulation at the 1-leaf growth stage.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- 1-leaf growth stagee0
- Treatment
- microencapsulated (ME) formulatione0
- Outcome
- tolerance to acetochlore0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rice tolerance to acetochlor was maximized when applied in a microencapsulated (ME) formulation at the 1-leaf growth stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Microencapsulated acetochlor applied at delayed-preemergence (DPRE) showed adequate rice tolerance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- ME acetochlor applied delayed-preemergence (DPRE)e1
- Outcome
- tolerancee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice also demonstrated adequate tolerance to ME acetochlor applied delayed-preemergence (DPRE)”
Claim · model-written summary
DPRE application of ME acetochlor followed by activating rainfall soon after application caused unacceptable rice injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- activating rainfalle2
- Outcome
- rice injurye2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“when activating rainfall was received soon after application, unacceptable rice injury was observed and is therefore not recommended”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors do not recommend the rainfall-activated delayed-preemergence program because of unacceptable rice injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Outcome
- not recommendede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“when activating rainfall was received soon after application, unacceptable rice injury was observed and is therefore not recommended”
Claim · model-written summary
When properly activated, barnyardgrass control was comparable between acetochlor-based and clomazone-based herbicide programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- acetochlor-based herbicide programse3
- Interactor
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie3weed - Outcome
- barnyardgrass controle3
- Direction
- comparablee3
- Qualifier
- When properly activatede3
- Comparator
- clomazone-based programse3
- Setting
- Clearfield and Provisia rice systemse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When properly activated, barnyardgrass control and rough rice yield was comparable between acetochlor-based herbicide programs and clomazone-based programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems”
Claim · model-written summary
When properly activated, rough rice yield was comparable between acetochlor-based and clomazone-based herbicide programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae3
- Treatment
- acetochlor-based herbicide programse3
- Outcome
- rough rice yielde3
- Direction
- comparablee3
- Qualifier
- When properly activatede3
- Comparator
- clomazone-based programse3
- Setting
- Clearfield and Provisia rice systemse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When properly activated, barnyardgrass control and rough rice yield was comparable between acetochlor-based herbicide programs and clomazone-based programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-season barnyardgrass control was generally higher after clomazone-based herbicide programs than after acetochlor-based programs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- clomazone-based herbicide programse4
- Interactor
- barnyardgrassEchinochloa crus-gallie4weed
- Outcome
- early-season barnyardgrass controle4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- generallye4
- Comparator
- acetochlor-based herbicide programse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When properly activated, barnyardgrass control and rough rice yield was comparable between acetochlor-based herbicide programs and clomazone-based programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems”
e4“early-season barnyardgrass control and rough rice yields were generally higher following clomazone-based herbicide programs due to minimal rice injury and excellent barnyardgrass control in all environments. Both ME acetochlor and pethoxamid provided early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-season rough rice yield was generally higher after clomazone-based herbicide programs than after acetochlor-based programs.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- clomazone-based herbicide programse4
- Outcome
- rough rice yieldse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Qualifier
- generallye4
- Comparator
- acetochlor-based herbicide programse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“When properly activated, barnyardgrass control and rough rice yield was comparable between acetochlor-based herbicide programs and clomazone-based programs in Clearfield and Provisia rice systems”
e4“early-season barnyardgrass control and rough rice yields were generally higher following clomazone-based herbicide programs due to minimal rice injury and excellent barnyardgrass control in all environments. Both ME acetochlor and pethoxamid provided early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting”
Claim · model-written summary
DPRE applications gave the most effective weed control in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- DPRE applicationse5
- Outcome
- weed controle5
- Direction
- most effectivee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Although DPRE applications were the most effective for weed control, they pose extreme risk for rice injury and should be avoided”
Claim · model-written summary
DPRE applications should be avoided in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Outcome
- should be avoidede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Although DPRE applications were the most effective for weed control, they pose extreme risk for rice injury and should be avoided”
Claim · model-written summary
DPRE applications pose an extreme risk of rice injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- DPRE applicationse5
- Outcome
- rice injurye5
- Qualifier
- extreme riske5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Although DPRE applications were the most effective for weed control, they pose extreme risk for rice injury and should be avoided”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying applications to the 1-leaf rice stage slightly reduced weed control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Treatment
- delaying applications to 1-leaf ricee6
- Outcome
- weed controle6
- Direction
- slightly reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“weed control was slightly reduced by delaying applications to 1-leaf rice but risk for rice injury was also decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Delaying applications to the 1-leaf rice stage decreased the risk of rice injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae6
- Treatment
- delaying applications to 1-leaf ricee6
- Outcome
- risk for rice injurye6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“weed control was slightly reduced by delaying applications to 1-leaf rice but risk for rice injury was also decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter-applied VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides caused tolerable injury to rice planted the following spring.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- Winter-applied VLCFA-inhibiting herbicidese7
- Outcome
- injury to ricee7
- Qualifier
- tolerablee7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Winter-applied VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides caused tolerable injury to rice planted the following spring. Microencapsulated acetochlor and pyroxasulfone provided considerable suppression of weedy rice for as long as seven weeks after planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Microencapsulated acetochlor considerably suppressed weedy rice for as long as seven weeks after planting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- Microencapsulated acetochlore7
- Interactor
- weedy ricee7weed
- Outcome
- suppression of weedy ricee7
- Direction
- considerable suppressione7
- Value
- seven weekse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Winter-applied VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides caused tolerable injury to rice planted the following spring. Microencapsulated acetochlor and pyroxasulfone provided considerable suppression of weedy rice for as long as seven weeks after planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxasulfone considerably suppressed weedy rice for as long as seven weeks after planting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- pyroxasulfonee7
- Interactor
- weedy ricee7weed
- Outcome
- suppression of weedy ricee7
- Direction
- considerable suppressione7
- Value
- seven weekse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Winter-applied VLCFA-inhibiting herbicides caused tolerable injury to rice planted the following spring. Microencapsulated acetochlor and pyroxasulfone provided considerable suppression of weedy rice for as long as seven weeks after planting”
Claim · model-written summary
ME acetochlor gave early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- ME acetochlore4
- Interactor
- weedy ricee4weed
- Outcome
- early-season control of weedy rice and other grass speciese4
- Qualifier
- when applied soon after plantinge4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“early-season barnyardgrass control and rough rice yields were generally higher following clomazone-based herbicide programs due to minimal rice injury and excellent barnyardgrass control in all environments. Both ME acetochlor and pethoxamid provided early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Pethoxamid gave early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Treatment
- pethoxamide4
- Interactor
- weedy ricee4weed
- Outcome
- early-season control of weedy rice and other grass speciese4
- Qualifier
- when applied soon after plantinge4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“early-season barnyardgrass control and rough rice yields were generally higher following clomazone-based herbicide programs due to minimal rice injury and excellent barnyardgrass control in all environments. Both ME acetochlor and pethoxamid provided early-season control of weedy rice and other grass species when applied soon after planting”
The same questions in other papers
acetochlor · disease · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
pyroxasulfone · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
acetochlor · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
herbicide · Echinochloa crus-galli · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
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42 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 53 papers →herbicide · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
724 papers in the same direction as this paper · 57 in the opposite direction · 20 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
798 papers more in this group
See all 802 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.