Abstract
This work evaluates the experimental warming effects on phenology and grain yield components of wheat in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, México, using CIRNO C2008 variety from Triticum durum L., as a model during the cropping cycle of 2016–2017 (December to April). Infrared radiators were deployed to induce experimental warming by 2 °C above ambient crop canopy temperature, in a temperature free-air controlled enhancement system. Temperature was controlled by infrared temperature sensors placed in eight plots which covered a circle of r = 1.5 m starting five days after germination until harvest. The warming treatment caused a reduction of phenophases occurrence starting at the stem extension phenophase. Such phenological responses generated a significant biological cycle reduction of 14 days. Despite this delay, CIRNO C2008 completed its biological cycle adequately. However, plant height under the warming treatment was reduced significantly and differences were particularly observed at the final phenophases of the vegetative cycle. Plant height correlated negatively with spikes length, spikes mass, and number of filled grains. Warming also reduced grain yield in 33%. The warming treatment caused a stress intensity (SI = 1-yield warming/yield control) of 39.4% and 33.2% in biomass and grain yield, respectively. The differences in stress intensities between biomass and grain yield were based on plant height reduction. Grain mass was not affected, demonstrating the crop capability for remobilization and adequate distribution of elaborated substances for the spikes under warming conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced the timing of wheat phenophase occurrence beginning at stem extension.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- stem extension phenophasee0
- Treatment
- warming treatmente0
- Outcome
- phenophases occurrencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“The warming treatment caused a reduction of phenophases occurrence starting at the stem extension phenophase.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming shortened the biological cycle by 14 days.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- phenological responsese0
- Outcome
- biological cyclee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 14 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“Such phenological responses generated a significant biological cycle reduction of 14 days.”
Claim · model-written summary
CIRNO C2008 completed its biological cycle adequately despite the phenological delay.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- CIRNO C2008e0
- Outcome
- completed its biological cycle adequatelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“Despite this delay, CIRNO C2008 completed its biological cycle adequately.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly reduced plant height, especially at late vegetative phenophases.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- final phenophases of the vegetative cyclee0
- Treatment
- warming treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“plant height under the warming treatment was reduced significantly and differences were particularly observed at the final phenophases of the vegetative cycle.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height correlated negatively with spike length, spike mass and number of filled grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Plant heighte0
- Outcome
- spikes length, spikes mass, and number of filled grainse0
- Direction
- negativelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“Plant height correlated negatively with spikes length, spikes mass, and number of filled grains.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced wheat grain yield by 33%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“Warming also reduced grain yield in 33%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming caused 39.4% stress intensity in biomass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warming treatmente0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Value
- 39.4%e0
- Comparator
- yield controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“The warming treatment caused a stress intensity (SI = 1-yield warming/yield control) of 39.4% and 33.2% in biomass and grain yield, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming caused 33.2% stress intensity in grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warming treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 33.2%e0
- Comparator
- yield controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“The warming treatment caused a stress intensity (SI = 1-yield warming/yield control) of 39.4% and 33.2% in biomass and grain yield, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The difference between biomass and grain yield stress intensities was attributed to reduced plant height.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- differences in stress intensities between biomass and grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- plant height reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“The differences in stress intensities between biomass and grain yield were based on plant height reduction.”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming did not affect grain mass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge1
- Outcome
- Grain masse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“Grain mass was not affected”
e1“under warming conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Stable grain mass under warming was interpreted as evidence of remobilization and distribution of substances to spikes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- remobilization and adequate distribution of elaborated substances for the spikese0
- Qualifier
- under warming conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat (Triticum durumL., CIRNO C2008)”
e0“demonstrating the crop capability for remobilization and adequate distribution of elaborated substances for the spikes under warming conditions.”
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See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.