Abstract
Olive mill waste (OMW), a byproduct from the extraction of olive oil, causes serious environmental problems for its disposal, and extensive efforts have been made to find cost-effective solutions for its management. Biochars produced from OMW were applied as soil amendment and found in many cases to successfully increase plant productivity and suppress diseases. This work aims to characterize biochars obtained by pyrolysis of OMW at 300 °C to 1000 °C using 13C NMR spectroscopy, LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Chemical characterization revealed that biochar composition varied according to the increase of pyrolysis temperature (PT). Thermal treated materials showed a progressive reduction of alkyl C fractions coupled to the enrichment in aromatic C products. In addition, numerous compounds present in the organic feedstock (fatty acids, phenolic compounds, triterpene acids) reduced (PT = 300 °C) or completely disappeared (PT ≥ 500 °C) in biochars as compared to untreated OMW. PT also affected surface morphology of biochars by increasing porosity and heterogeneity of pore size. The effects of biochars extracts on the growth of different organisms (two plants, one nematode and four fungal species) were also evaluated. When tested on different living organisms, biochars and OMW showed opposite effects. The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs. Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars. Our findings showed a pattern of association between specific biochar chemical traits and its biological effects that, once mechanistically explained and tested in field conditions, may lead to effective applications in agriculture.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar composition varied with increasing pyrolysis temperature.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e1“Chemical characterization revealed that biochar composition varied according to the increase of pyrolysis temperature (PT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkyl C fractions were reduced in thermally treated biochars.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e4“Thermal treated materials showed a progressive reduction of alkyl C fractions coupled to the enrichment in aromatic C products”
Claim · model-written summary
Aromatic C products were enriched in thermally treated biochars.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e4“Thermal treated materials showed a progressive reduction of alkyl C fractions coupled to the enrichment in aromatic C products”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acids, phenolic compounds and triterpene acids were reduced in biochars at 300 °C compared with untreated OMW.
- Treatment
- PT = 300 °Ce5
- Outcome
- fatty acids, phenolic compounds, triterpene acidse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Comparator
- untreated OMWe5
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e5“numerous compounds present in the organic feedstock (fatty acids, phenolic compounds, triterpene acids) reduced (PT = 300 °C) or completely disappeared (PT ≥ 500 °C) in biochars as compared to untreated OMW”
Claim · model-written summary
Fatty acids, phenolic compounds and triterpene acids completely disappeared in biochars at 500 °C or above compared with untreated OMW.
- Treatment
- PT ≥ 500 °Ce5
- Outcome
- fatty acids, phenolic compounds, triterpene acidse5
- Direction
- completely disappearede5
- Comparator
- untreated OMWe5
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e5“numerous compounds present in the organic feedstock (fatty acids, phenolic compounds, triterpene acids) reduced (PT = 300 °C) or completely disappeared (PT ≥ 500 °C) in biochars as compared to untreated OMW”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing pyrolysis temperature increased biochar porosity and heterogeneity of pore size.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e6“PT also affected surface morphology of biochars by increasing porosity and heterogeneity of pore size”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth of Lepidium sativum was inhibited by biochar produced at 300 °C, with toxicity decreasing at higher pyrolysis temperatures.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum
Lepidium sativume2 - Treatment
- biochar produced at 300 °Ce2
- Outcome
- root growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- higher PTse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth of Brassica rapa was inhibited by biochar produced at 300 °C, with toxicity decreasing at higher pyrolysis temperatures.
- Taxon
- Brassica rapa
Brassica rapae2 - Treatment
- biochar produced at 300 °Ce2
- Outcome
- root growthe2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- higher PTse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita was inhibited by biochar produced at 300 °C, with toxicity decreasing at higher pyrolysis temperatures.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- biochar produced at 300 °Ce2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae2pest - Outcome
- survivale2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- higher PTse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Aspergillus was stimulated by organic feedstock compared with thermally treated biochars.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- organic feedstocke3
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse3other - Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- stimulatede3
- Comparator
- thermally treated biocharse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Aspergillus was inhibited by thermally treated biochars compared with organic feedstock.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- thermally treated biocharse3
- Interactor
- AspergillusAspergilluse3other
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Comparator
- organic feedstocke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Fusarium was stimulated by organic feedstock compared with thermally treated biochars.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- organic feedstocke3
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- stimulatede3
- Comparator
- thermally treated biocharse3
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Fusarium was inhibited by thermally treated biochars compared with organic feedstock.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- thermally treated biocharse3
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Comparator
- organic feedstocke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Rhizoctonia was stimulated by organic feedstock compared with thermally treated biochars.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- organic feedstocke3
- Interactor
- Rhizoctonia
.jpg?width=60)
Rhizoctoniae3other - Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- stimulatede3
- Comparator
- thermally treated biocharse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Rhizoctonia was inhibited by thermally treated biochars compared with organic feedstock.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- thermally treated biocharse3
- Interactor
- RhizoctoniaRhizoctoniae3other
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Comparator
- organic feedstocke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Trichoderma was stimulated by organic feedstock compared with thermally treated biochars.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- organic feedstocke3
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae3other - Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- stimulatede3
- Comparator
- thermally treated biocharse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of Trichoderma was inhibited by thermally treated biochars compared with organic feedstock.
- Taxon
- Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapaBrassica rapaLepidium sativume2
- Treatment
- thermally treated biocharse3
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae3other
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
- Comparator
- organic feedstocke3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The root growth of Lepidium sativum and Brassica rapa, as well as the survival of the nematode Meloidogyne incognita, were inhibited by the untreated material or biochar produced at 300 °C, but toxicity decreased at higher PTs”
e3“Conversely, growth of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Trichoderma fungi was stimulated by organic feedstock, while being inhibited by thermally treated biochars”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · growth · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →biochar · growth · Lepidium sativumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.