Abstract
Fusarium fungi are soil-borne pathogens, and the pathological effects on plant photosystems remain unclear. This study aimed to deeply reveal pathological characterization in apple seedlings infected with Fusarium solani by investigating photosystems performance and interaction. Roots were immersed in conidial suspension for inoculation. Thereafter, prompt and delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence and modulated 820 nm reflection were simultaneously detected. After 30 days of infection, leaf relative water content and dry weight were remarkably decreased by 55.7% and 47.1%, suggesting that the infected seedlings were subjected to Fusarium-induced water deficit stress. PSI reaction center was more susceptible than PSII reaction center in infected seedlings due to greater decrease in the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSI than that of PSII, but PSI reaction center injury was aggravated slowly, as PSII injury could partly protect PSI by restricting electron donation. PSII donor and acceptor sides were also damaged after 20 days of infection, and the restricted electron donation induced PSII and PSI disconnection by blocking PSI re-reduction. In accordance with greater damage of PSI reaction center, PSI oxidation was also suppressed. Notably, significantly increased efficiency of electron transport from plastoquinone (PQ) to PSI acceptors (REo/ETo) after 20 days of infection suggested greater inhibition on PQ reduction than re-oxidation, and the protection for PSI acceptors might alleviate the reduction of electron transport efficiency beyond PQ upon damaged PSI reaction center. Lowered delayed fluorescence in microsecond domain verified PSII damage in infected seedlings, and elevated delayed fluorescence in sub-millisecond domain during PQ reduction process conformed to increased REo/ETo. In conclusion, Fusarium solani infection depressed PSII and PSI performance and destroyed their coordination by inducing pathological wilting in apple seedlings. It may be a pathogenic mechanism of Fusarium to induce plant photosystems damage.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
After 30 days of Fusarium solani infection, leaf relative water content decreased by 55.7% in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple Seedlings
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Fusarium solani Infectiont0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanit0pathogen - Outcome
- leaf relative water contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 55.7%e1
- Qualifier
- After 30 days of infectione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e1“After 30 days of infection, leaf relative water content and dry weight were remarkably decreased by 55.7% and 47.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
After 30 days of Fusarium solani infection, dry weight decreased by 47.1% in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Fusarium solani Infectiont0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 47.1%e1
- Qualifier
- After 30 days of infectione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e1“After 30 days of infection, leaf relative water content and dry weight were remarkably decreased by 55.7% and 47.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
In infected apple seedlings, the PSI reaction center was more susceptible than the PSII reaction center.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- PSI reaction centere2
- Qualifier
- more susceptible than PSII reaction centere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e2“PSI reaction center was more susceptible than PSII reaction center in infected seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII donor and acceptor sides were damaged in infected apple seedlings after 20 days of infection.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- PSII donor and acceptor sidese3
- Qualifier
- after 20 days of infectione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e3“PSII donor and acceptor sides were also damaged after 20 days of infection”
Claim · model-written summary
After 20 days of infection, electron transport efficiency from PQ to PSI acceptors (REo/ETo) increased in infected apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- REo/EToe4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- after 20 days of infectione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e4“significantly increased efficiency of electron transport from plastoquinone (PQ) to PSI acceptors (REo/ETo) after 20 days of infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed fluorescence in the microsecond domain was lowered in infected apple seedlings, indicating PSII damage.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- delayed fluorescence in microsecond domaine5
- Direction
- Lowerede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e5“Lowered delayed fluorescence in microsecond domain verified PSII damage in infected seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed fluorescence in the sub-millisecond domain was elevated in infected apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- delayed fluorescence in sub-millisecond domaine6
- Direction
- elevatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e6“elevated delayed fluorescence in sub-millisecond domain during PQ reduction process conformed to increased REo/ETo”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium solani infection depressed PSII and PSI performance in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Fusarium solani infectione7
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanie7pathogen
- Outcome
- PSII and PSI performancee7
- Direction
- depressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e7“Fusarium solani infection depressed PSII and PSI performance and destroyed their coordination”
Claim · model-written summary
PSI reaction center injury was aggravated slowly in infected apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- PSI reaction center injurye7
- Qualifier
- aggravated slowlye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e7“but PSI reaction center injury was aggravated slowly”
Claim · model-written summary
PSI oxidation was suppressed in infected apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solaniFusarium solanit0pathogen
- Outcome
- PSI oxidatione7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e7“PSI oxidation was also suppressed”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricted electron donation is proposed to induce PSII and PSI disconnection by blocking PSI re-reduction in apple seedlings.
- Taxon
- Apple SeedlingsMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- PSII and PSI disconnectione7
- Qualifier
- restricted electron donatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Fusarium solani Infection Depressed Photosystem Performance by Inducing Foliage Wilting in Apple Seedlings”
e7“the restricted electron donation induced PSII and PSI disconnection by blocking PSI re-reduction”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.