Abstract
The content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Sulfur nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling under high temperature stress (HTS) are a major challenge to the production of high-quality wheat. The effects of sulfur fertilization and HTS on wheat flour protein and its components are unknown. In this study, treatments varying two factors: sulfur fertilization and exposure to short-term HTS, at 20 days post-anthesis, were applied to two wheat cultivars with differing gluten types. Plants of a strong-gluten wheat (Gaoyou 2018) and a medium-gluten wheat (Zhongmai 8) were grown in pots in Beijing in 2015–2017. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, Cys, and Met in wheat kernels, but reduced grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and total starch accumulation. The HTS-induced increase in total protein amount was closely associated with nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities in flag leaves. Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities. HTS and sulfur fertilization had larger effects on the strong- than on the medium-gluten cultivar. Sulfur fertilization also alleviated the negative effects of HTS on grain yield, protein yield, and starch content. Thus, growing wheat with additional soil sulfur can improve the quality of the flour. Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., Sulfur fertilization, Strong gluten, Climate warming
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased total protein, albumin and gliadin contents.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- wheat kernelse0
- Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- total protein, albumin, gliadine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, Cys, and Met in wheat kernels”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased glutenin, Cys and Met contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HTSe0
- Outcome
- glutenin, Cys, and Mete0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, Cys, and Met in wheat kernels”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced grain yield, grain weight and protein yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HTSt1
- Outcome
- grain yield, grain weight, protein yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but reduced grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and total starch accumulation”
t0“on wheat grain production”
t1“HTS significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced globulin content and total starch accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HTSt1
- Outcome
- globulin content, and total starch accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but reduced grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and total starch accumulation”
t0“on wheat grain production”
t1“HTS significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat induced total protein increase was associated with NR and GS activities in flag leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Gene
- nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS)e0
- Outcome
- total protein amounte0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The HTS-induced increase in total protein amount was closely associated with nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities in flag leaves.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields and grain weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain and protein yields; grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilization increased total protein, albumin and gliadin contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- total protein, albumin, gliadine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilization increased glutenin, globulin and starch contents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starche0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilization increased Cys, Met, NR and GS activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Cys, Met; and NR and GS activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat and sulfur effects were larger in strong gluten than medium gluten cultivar.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- larger effectse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- medium-gluten cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HTS and sulfur fertilization had larger effects on the strong- than on the medium-gluten cultivar.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur fertilization alleviated heat stress effects on grain yield, protein yield and starch content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Sulfur fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield, protein yield, and starch contente0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur fertilization also alleviated the negative effects of HTS on grain yield, protein yield, and starch content.”
t0“on wheat grain production”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude additional soil sulfur can improve wheat flour quality.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- growing wheat with additional soil sulfure0
- Direction
- improvee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, growing wheat with additional soil sulfur can improve the quality of the flour.”
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