Abstract
To achieve the dual goal of water conservation and high grain production, agricultural systems must decrease water usage and increase water use efficiency (WUE). In recent years, controlled irrigation and drainage (CID) has been used and developed as a new water-saving technique for paddy rice production. The present study aimed to explore the influence of different CID regimes on the yield, agronomic traits, and WUE of paddy rice. Treatments included alternate wetting and drying (AWD), CID-I (a lower limit of irrigation to 200 mm), and CID-II (a lower limit of irrigation to 500 mm). Plant height increased but tiller number significantly decreased under CID compared with those under AWD. Implementing CID decreased irrigation water volume (IV) by 9.7%-37.1%, which increased yield irrigation water use efficiency (IWUEy) by 14.6%-51.5%. Under CID-I, grain yield decreased by 2.9% in 2015 and increased by 3.5% in 2016. CID-II obtained marginally, but not significantly, lower yields (4.7% in 2015 and 2.0% in 2015) than AWD because the percent of filled grains (PFG) and spikelets per m 2 (SPM) decreased under this irrigation scheme. IWUEy and biomass irrigation water use efficiency (IWUEb) were significantly higher under CID than under AWD. The highest IWUEy and IWUEb were observed under CID-II. Our results indicate that CID can reach a lower limit of irrigation to 500 mm below the topsoil and a ponding water depth of 200 mm after rainfall, with some acceptable yield penalty when water is inadequate and costly.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
CID increased rice plant height relative to AWD.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height increased but tiller number significantly decreased under CID compared with those under AWD.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID significantly decreased rice tiller number relative to AWD.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height increased but tiller number significantly decreased under CID compared with those under AWD.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID reduced irrigation water volume by 9.7%-37.1%.
- Taxon
- paddy ricet0
- Treatment
- CIDe0
- Outcome
- irrigation water volumee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.7%-37.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Implementing CID decreased irrigation water volume (IV) by 9.7%-37.1%”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID increased rice yield irrigation water use efficiency by 14.6%-51.5%.
- Taxon
- paddy ricet0
- Treatment
- CIDe0
- Outcome
- yield irrigation water use efficiency (IWUEy)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.6%-51.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Implementing CID decreased irrigation water volume (IV) by 9.7%-37.1%, which increased yield irrigation water use efficiency (IWUEy) by 14.6%-51.5%”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-I reduced grain yield by 2.9% in 2015.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under CID-I, grain yield decreased by 2.9% in 2015”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-I increased grain yield by 3.5% in 2016.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Under CID-I, grain yield decreased by 2.9% in 2015 and increased by 3.5% in 2016.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-II had a nonsignificantly lower rice yield than AWD, by 4.7% in 2015.
Verbatim
e0“CID-II obtained marginally, but not significantly, lower yields (4.7% in 2015 and 2.0% in 2015) than AWD”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-II had a nonsignificantly lower rice yield than AWD, by 2.0% in the year stated as 2015.
Verbatim
e0“CID-II obtained marginally, but not significantly, lower yields (4.7% in 2015 and 2.0% in 2015) than AWD”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-II decreased rice percent of filled grains.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the percent of filled grains (PFG) and spikelets per m 2 (SPM) decreased under this irrigation scheme.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
e1“CID-II obtained marginally”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-II decreased rice spikelets per m 2.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the percent of filled grains (PFG) and spikelets per m 2 (SPM) decreased under this irrigation scheme.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
e1“CID-II obtained marginally”
Claim · model-written summary
CID significantly increased rice yield irrigation water use efficiency relative to AWD.
Verbatim
e0“IWUEy and biomass irrigation water use efficiency (IWUEb) were significantly higher under CID than under AWD.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID significantly increased rice biomass irrigation water use efficiency relative to AWD.
Verbatim
e0“IWUEy and biomass irrigation water use efficiency (IWUEb) were significantly higher under CID than under AWD.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-II gave the highest rice yield irrigation water use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The highest IWUEy and IWUEb were observed under CID-II.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CID-II gave the highest rice biomass irrigation water use efficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The highest IWUEy and IWUEb were observed under CID-II.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend CID with a 500 mm lower irrigation limit and 200 mm ponding depth where water is inadequate and costly.
Verbatim
e0“CID can reach a lower limit of irrigation to 500 mm below the topsoil and a ponding water depth of 200 mm after rainfall, with some acceptable yield penalty when water is inadequate and costly.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
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