Abstract
BACKGROUND: Wheat is the staple food for most of the world's population; however, it is a poor source of zinc. Foliar fertilization of zinc via zinc loaded chitosan nanocarriers (Zn-CNP) post-anthesis has proved to be a promising approach for grain zinc enhancement in durum wheat as evidenced in our earlier study. However, the molecular mechanism of uptake of zinc via Zn-CNP remains unclear. METHODS/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Foliar application of Zn-CNP was performed at post anthesis stages in two durum wheat cultivars (MACS 3125 and UC1114, containing the Gpc-B1 gene), and expression levels of several metal-related genes were analyzed during early senescence. Zn-CNP application indeed caused changes in gene expression as revealed by qPCR data on representative genes involved in metal homeostasis, phloem transporters, and leaf senescence. Furthermore, zinc-regulated transporters and iron (Fe)-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP) family [ZIP1, ZIP7, ZIP15], CA (carbonic anhydrase), and DMAS (2'-deoxymugineic acid synthase) in flag leaves exhibited significant correlation with zinc content in the seeds. The analysis of grain endosperm proteins showed enhancement of gamma gliadins while other gluten subunits decreased. Gene expression within ZIP family members varied with the type of cultivar mostly attributed to the Gpc-B1, concentration of external zinc ions as well as the type of tissue analyzed. Correlation analysis revealed the involvement of the selected genes in zinc enhancement. CONCLUSION: At the molecular level, uptake of zinc via Zn-CNP nanocarrier was comparable to the uptake of zinc via common zinc fertilizers i.e. ZnSO4.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Zn-CNP application changed expression of genes involved in metal homeostasis in durum wheat.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt1 - Organ / stage
- flag leavest1
- Treatment
- Zn-CNP applicatione1
- Gene
- genes involved in metal homeostasise1
- Outcome
- gene expressione1
- Direction
- changese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e1“Zn-CNP application indeed caused changes in gene expression as revealed by qPCR data on representative genes involved in metal homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
ZIP1, ZIP7 and ZIP15 expression in flag leaves correlated significantly with grain zinc content.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese2
- Gene
- ZIP1, ZIP7, ZIP15e2
- Outcome
- zinc content in the seedse2
- Direction
- significant correlatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e2“[ZIP1, ZIP7, ZIP15], CA (carbonic anhydrase), and DMAS (2'-deoxymugineic acid synthase) in flag leaves exhibited significant correlation with zinc content in the seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
CA and DMAS expression in flag leaves correlated significantly with grain zinc content.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese2
- Gene
- CA (carbonic anhydrase), and DMASe2
- Outcome
- zinc content in the seedse2
- Direction
- significant correlatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e2“[ZIP1, ZIP7, ZIP15], CA (carbonic anhydrase), and DMAS (2'-deoxymugineic acid synthase) in flag leaves exhibited significant correlation with zinc content in the seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Gamma gliadins were enhanced in grain endosperm after foliar Zn-CNP.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Organ / stage
- grain endosperme3
- Treatment
- foliar zinc fertilizationt1
- Outcome
- gamma gliadinse3
- Direction
- enhancemente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e3“The analysis of grain endosperm proteins showed enhancement of gamma gliadins while other gluten subunits decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Other gluten subunits decreased after foliar Zn-CNP.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Organ / stage
- grain endosperme3
- Treatment
- foliar zinc fertilizationt1
- Outcome
- other gluten subunitse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e3“The analysis of grain endosperm proteins showed enhancement of gamma gliadins while other gluten subunits decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar zinc fertilization enhances gluten content in durum wheat.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Treatment
- foliar zinc fertilizationt1
- Outcome
- gluten contentt1
- Direction
- enhancest1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression within ZIP family members varied with cultivar, mostly attributed to Gpc-B1.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Gene
- Gpc-B1e4
- Outcome
- Gene expression within ZIP family memberse4
- Direction
- variede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e4“Gene expression within ZIP family members varied with the type of cultivar mostly attributed to the Gpc-B1”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc uptake via Zn-CNP was comparable to uptake via common zinc fertilizers (ZnSO4).
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt1
- Treatment
- Zn-CNP nanocarriere5
- Outcome
- uptake of zince5
- Direction
- comparablee5
- Comparator
- common zinc fertilizers i.e. ZnSO4e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Nanocarrier-mediated foliar zinc fertilization influences expression of metal homeostasis related genes in flag leaves and enhances gluten content in durum wheat”
e5“uptake of zinc via Zn-CNP nanocarrier was comparable to the uptake of zinc via common zinc fertilizers i.e. ZnSO4”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.