Abstract
Response of grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’] to norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3(2 H )-pyridazinone] and fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4(1 H )pyridinone} and the effect of previous treatment on the persistence of herbicide activity in five soils were determined in the greenhouse. Relative phytotoxicity of fluridone in the soils was ordered as Greenville sandy clay loam > Appling coarse sandy loam > Dothan loamy sand = Rome gravelly clay loam > Bradson clay loam. Phytotoxicity of norflurazon was ordered as Greenville = Appling = Dothan > Rome > Bradson. Fluridone was more phytotoxic than norflurazon. Field soil that has been previously treated with norflurazon or fluridone (500 days earlier at 1.7 kg ai/ha) still had low concentrations of each herbicide present at the time of retreatment in the greenhouse. Previous treatment of norflurazon did not affect the rate of decline in activity in any of the soils compared to previously nontreated soils except for Appling. Significantly higher concentrations of norflurazon remained in all previously treated soils 297 days after treatment (DAT) compared to previously nontreated soil. Residual carryover of norflurazon was greater in the Bradson soil (2.8% O.M.) than soils having less than 2% O.M. Fluridone dissipation was significantly faster in previously treated soil than in previously nontreated soil, indicating enhanced microbial degradation of the herbicide.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone phytotoxicity differed among the five soils, ranking Greenville highest and Bradson lowest.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolore1 - Material
- BR 64e1
- Treatment
- fluridonee0
- Outcome
- phytotoxicity of fluridonee0
- Direction
- >e0
- Setting
- Greenville sandy clay loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative phytotoxicity of fluridone in the soils was ordered as Greenville sandy clay loam > Appling coarse sandy loam > Dothan loamy sand = Rome gravelly clay loam > Bradson clay loam”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
Norflurazon phytotoxicity ranked Greenville, Appling and Dothan above Rome and Bradson.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- norflurazone0
- Outcome
- Phytotoxicity of norflurazone0
- Direction
- >e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytotoxicity of norflurazon was ordered as Greenville = Appling = Dothan > Rome > Bradson”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone was more phytotoxic to grain sorghum than norflurazon.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- Fluridonee0
- Outcome
- phytotoxice0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- norflurazone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluridone was more phytotoxic than norflurazon”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
Previously treated field soil retained low concentrations of each herbicide at greenhouse retreatment.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Outcome
- low concentrations of each herbicidee0
- Qualifier
- 500 days earlier at 1.7 kg ai/hae0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field soil that has been previously treated with norflurazon or fluridone (500 days earlier at 1.7 kg ai/ha) still had low concentrations of each herbicide present at the time of retreatment in the greenhouse”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
Previous norflurazon treatment did not affect decline in activity except in Appling soil.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- Previous treatment of norflurazone0
- Outcome
- rate of decline in activitye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Qualifier
- except for Applinge0
- Comparator
- previously nontreated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Previous treatment of norflurazon did not affect the rate of decline in activity in any of the soils compared to previously nontreated soils except for Appling”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
More norflurazon remained at 297 days in previously treated than untreated soils.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- previously treated soilse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of norflurazone0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 297 days after treatment (DAT)e0
- Comparator
- previously nontreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher concentrations of norflurazon remained in all previously treated soils 297 days after treatment (DAT) compared to previously nontreated soil”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
Norflurazon carryover was greater in Bradson soil than in soils below 2% organic matter.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Outcome
- Residual carryover of norflurazone0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- 2.8% O.M.e0
- Comparator
- soils having less than 2% O.M.e0
- Setting
- Bradson soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residual carryover of norflurazon was greater in the Bradson soil (2.8% O.M.) than soils having less than 2% O.M.”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluridone dissipated faster in previously treated than untreated soil.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore1
- Treatment
- previously treated soile0
- Outcome
- Fluridone dissipatione0
- Direction
- fastere0
- Comparator
- previously nontreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluridone dissipation was significantly faster in previously treated soil than in previously nontreated soil”
e1“grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘BR 64’]”
The same questions in other papers
Fluridone · crop injury · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.