Abstract
Ecological stoichiometry and resource competition theory both predict that nutrient rates and ratios can alter infectious disease dynamics. Pathogens such as viruses hijack nutrient rich host metabolites to complete multiple steps of their epidemiological cycle. As the synthesis of these molecules requires nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), environmental supply rates and ratios of N and P to hosts can directly limit disease dynamics. Environmental nutrient supplies also may alter virus epidemiology indirectly by changing host phenotype or the dynamics of coinfecting pathogens. We tested whether host nutrient supplies and coinfection control pathogen growth within hosts and transmission to new hosts, either directly or through modifications of plant tissue chemistry (i.e. content and stoichiometric ratios of nutrients), host phenotypic traits, or among-pathogen interactions. We examined two widespread plant viruses (BYDV-PAV and CYDV-RPV) in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates. N and P supply rates altered plant tissue chemistry and phenotypic traits; however environmental nutrient supplies and plant tissue content and ratios of nutrients did not directly alter virus titer. Infection with CYDV-RPV altered plant traits and resulted in thicker plant leaves (i.e. higher leaf mass per area) and there was a positive correlation between CYDV-RPV titer and leaf mass per area. CYDV-RPV titer was reduced by the presence of a competitor, BYDV-PAV, and higher CYDV-RPV titer led to more severe chlorotic symptoms. In our experimental conditions, virus transmission was unaffected by nutrient supply rates, co-infection, plant stoichiometry, or plant traits, although nutrient supply rates have been shown to increase infection and coinfection rates. This work provides a robust test of the role of plant nutrient content and ratios in the dynamics of globally important pathogens and reveals a more complex relationship between within-host virus growth and alterations of plant traits. A deeper understanding of the differential effects of environmental nutrient supplies on virus epidemiology and ecology is particularly relevant given the rapid increase of nutrients flowing into Earth’s ecosystems as a result of human activities.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen and phosphorus supply altered oat tissue chemistry and phenotypic traits.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)
Avena sativae1 - Treatment
- N and P supply ratese0
- Outcome
- plant tissue chemistry and phenotypic traitse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N and P supply rates altered plant tissue chemistry and phenotypic traits”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient supply did not directly alter virus titer.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Treatment
- environmental nutrient suppliese0
- Outcome
- virus titere0
- Direction
- did not directly altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“environmental nutrient supplies and plant tissue content and ratios of nutrients did not directly alter virus titer”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant tissue nutrient content and ratios did not directly alter virus titer.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Compound
- nutrientse0
- Outcome
- virus titere0
- Direction
- did not directly altere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant tissue content and ratios of nutrients did not directly alter virus titer”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
CYDV-RPV infection increased oat leaf mass per area.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Treatment
- Infection with CYDV-RPVe0
- Interactor
- CYDV-RPVCereal yellow dwarf virus RPVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf mass per areae0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection with CYDV-RPV altered plant traits and resulted in thicker plant leaves (i.e. higher leaf mass per area)”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
CYDV-RPV titer correlated positively with oat leaf mass per area.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Interactor
- CYDV-RPVCereal yellow dwarf virus RPVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf mass per areae0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a positive correlation between CYDV-RPV titer and leaf mass per area”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV-PAV coinfection reduced CYDV-RPV titer.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Treatment
- presence of a competitor, BYDV-PAVe0
- Interactor
- CYDV-RPVCereal yellow dwarf virus RPVe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- BYDV-PAVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- CYDV-RPV titere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CYDV-RPV titer was reduced by the presence of a competitor, BYDV-PAV”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher CYDV-RPV titer was associated with more severe chlorotic symptoms.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Interactor
- CYDV-RPVCereal yellow dwarf virus RPVe0pathogen
- Outcome
- chlorotic symptomse0
- Direction
- more severee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher CYDV-RPV titer led to more severe chlorotic symptoms”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient supply did not affect virus transmission in these conditions.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Treatment
- nutrient supply ratese0
- Outcome
- virus transmissione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“virus transmission was unaffected by nutrient supply rates”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinfection did not affect virus transmission in these conditions.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Treatment
- co-infectione0
- Outcome
- virus transmissione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“virus transmission was unaffected by nutrient supply rates, co-infection”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant stoichiometry and traits did not affect virus transmission in these conditions.
- Taxon
- cultivated oats (Avena sativa)Avena sativae1
- Outcome
- virus transmissione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- plant stoichiometry, or plant traitse0
Not reportedOrgan / stageSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“virus transmission was unaffected by nutrient supply rates, co-infection, plant stoichiometry, or plant traits”
e1“in cultivated oats (Avena sativa) grown along a range of N and of P supply rates”
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.