Abstract
Glycine betaine (GB) is an important organic compound mediating plant responses to environmental stresses. However, despite ample research on this biomolecule, the potential of GB in mitigating the effects of waterlogging in plants has not been established. Therefore, we studied the influence of GB on growth and physiology of tomato plants under waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging reduced plant growth, degraded chlorophyll, and increased concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide that deteriorated membrane integrity. Waterlogging increased catalase and peroxidase activities. Waterlogging increased the concentration of Na and reduced concentrations of K. Reductions in root Ca were also recorded. GB enhanced growth, concentration of chlorophyll and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that in turn protected the plants from oxidative damage. GB decreased Na while increasing leaf and root K and stem and fruit Ca under waterlogging. Waterlogging reduced fruit quality. There was decrease in protein, fat, and total dissolved solids and an increase in fruit moisture, P, and Na in plants under waterlogging. GB enhanced fruit quality largely by improving fruit protein, ash, fat, TDS, and Ca, while it decreased fruit Na. The results of this study suggest the use of GB for commercial production of tomato where waterlogging is likely.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced tomato plant growth.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging reduced plant growth, degraded chlorophyll, and increased concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide that deteriorated membrane integrity.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging degraded tomato chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- chlorophylle0
- Direction
- degradede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging reduced plant growth, degraded chlorophyll, and increased concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide that deteriorated membrane integrity.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and deteriorated membrane integrity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging reduced plant growth, degraded chlorophyll, and increased concentration of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide that deteriorated membrane integrity.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased catalase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- catalase and peroxidase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging increased catalase and peroxidase activities.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased Na concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- concentration of Nae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging increased the concentration of Na and reduced concentrations of K.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced K concentration.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Ke0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging increased the concentration of Na and reduced concentrations of K.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Root Ca fell under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- waterloggingt0
- Outcome
- root Cae0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in root Ca were also recorded.”
t0“waterlogging”
t1“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine enhanced tomato growth under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced growth, concentration of chlorophyll and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that in turn protected the plants from oxidative damage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine enhanced chlorophyll concentration under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- concentration of chlorophylle0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced growth, concentration of chlorophyll and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that in turn protected the plants from oxidative damage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidasee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced growth, concentration of chlorophyll and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that in turn protected the plants from oxidative damage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine decreased Na under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- Nae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB decreased Na while increasing leaf and root K and stem and fruit Ca under waterlogging.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine increased leaf and root K under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- leaf and root Ke0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB decreased Na while increasing leaf and root K and stem and fruit Ca under waterlogging.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine increased stem and fruit Ca under waterlogging.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- stem and fruit Cae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB decreased Na while increasing leaf and root K and stem and fruit Ca under waterlogging.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging reduced tomato fruit quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Waterlogging reduced fruit quality.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging decreased fruit protein, fat and total dissolved solids.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- protein, fat, and total dissolved solidse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was decrease in protein, fat, and total dissolved solids and an increase in fruit moisture, P, and Na in plants under waterlogging.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Waterlogging increased fruit moisture, P and Na.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- fruit moisture, P, and Nae0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was decrease in protein, fat, and total dissolved solids and an increase in fruit moisture, P, and Na in plants under waterlogging.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine improved fruit protein, ash and fat.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- fruit protein, ash, fate0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced fruit quality largely by improving fruit protein, ash, fat, TDS, and Ca, while it decreased fruit Na.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine improved fruit TDS and Ca.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- TDS, and Cae0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced fruit quality largely by improving fruit protein, ash, fat, TDS, and Ca, while it decreased fruit Na.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine decreased fruit Na.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GBe0
- Outcome
- fruit Nae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GB enhanced fruit quality largely by improving fruit protein, ash, fat, TDS, and Ca, while it decreased fruit Na.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest glycine betaine for commercial tomato production where waterlogging is likely.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- use of GB for commercial productione0
- Qualifier
- where waterlogging is likelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results of this study suggest the use of GB for commercial production of tomato where waterlogging is likely.”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.