Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) plants are chilling sensitive, and do not naturally accumulate glycinebetaine (GB), a metabolite that functions as a stress protectant. We reported previously that exogenous GB application enhanced chilling tolerance in tomato. To understand its protective role better, we have further evaluated various parameters associated with improved tolerance. Although its effect was most pronounced in younger plants, this benefit was diminished 1 week after GB application. When administered by foliar spray, GB was readily taken up and translocated to various organs, with the highest levels being measured in meristematic tissues, including the shoot apices and flower buds. In leaves, the majority of endogenous GB was found in the cytosol; only 0.6-22.0% of the total leaf GB was localized in chloroplasts. Immediately after GB application, levels of H(2)O(2), catalase activity and expression of the catalase gene (CAT1) were all higher in GB-treated than in control plants. One day after exposure to chilling stress, the treated plants had significantly greater catalase activity and CAT1 expression, although their H(2)O(2) levels remained unchanged. During the following 2 d of this chilling treatment, GB-treated plants maintained lower H(2)O(2) levels but had higher catalase activity than the controls. These results suggest that, in addition to protecting macromolecules and membranes directly, GB-enhanced chilling tolerance may involve the induction of H(2)O(2)-mediated antioxidant mechanisms, e.g. enhanced catalase expression and catalase activity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of glycinebetaine on tomato chilling tolerance was most pronounced in younger plants.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- younger plantse1
- Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- most pronouncede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“its effect was most pronounced in younger plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The glycinebetaine benefit in tomato was diminished one week after application.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione2
- Outcome
- benefite2
- Direction
- diminishede2
- Qualifier
- 1 week aftere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e2“this benefit was diminished 1 week after GB application”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar-sprayed glycinebetaine was readily taken up and translocated to various tomato organs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- various organse3
- Treatment
- foliar spraye3
- Outcome
- taken up and translocatede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e3“When administered by foliar spray, GB was readily taken up and translocated to various organs”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest glycinebetaine levels in tomato were measured in meristematic tissues.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- meristematic tissues, including the shoot apices and flower budse4
- Outcome
- levelse4
- Direction
- higheste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e4“with the highest levels being measured in meristematic tissues, including the shoot apices and flower buds”
Claim · model-written summary
Most endogenous glycinebetaine in tomato leaves was found in the cytosol.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Outcome
- found in the cytosole5
- Qualifier
- the majority of endogenous GBe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e5“In leaves, the majority of endogenous GB was found in the cytosol”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 0.6-22.0% of total tomato leaf glycinebetaine was localized in chloroplasts.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leafe6
- Outcome
- localized in chloroplastse6
- Value
- 0.6-22.0%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e6“only 0.6-22.0% of the total leaf GB was localized in chloroplasts”
Claim · model-written summary
Immediately after glycinebetaine application, H2O2 levels were higher in treated than in control tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione7
- Outcome
- levels of H(2)O(2)e7
- Direction
- highere7
- Qualifier
- Immediately aftere7
- Comparator
- control plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e7“Immediately after GB application, levels of H(2)O(2), catalase activity and expression of the catalase gene (CAT1) were all higher in GB-treated than in control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Immediately after glycinebetaine application, catalase activity was higher in treated than in control tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione7
- Outcome
- catalase activitye7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- control plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e7“Immediately after GB application, levels of H(2)O(2), catalase activity and expression of the catalase gene (CAT1) were all higher in GB-treated than in control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Immediately after glycinebetaine application, CAT1 expression was higher in treated than in control tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB applicatione7
- Gene
- CAT1e7
- Outcome
- expressione7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- control plantse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e7“Immediately after GB application, levels of H(2)O(2), catalase activity and expression of the catalase gene (CAT1) were all higher in GB-treated than in control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
One day after chilling stress, glycinebetaine-treated tomato plants had significantly greater catalase activity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye1
- Direction
- greatere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“One day after exposure to chilling stress, the treated plants had significantly greater catalase activity and CAT1 expression, although their H(2)O(2) levels remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
One day after chilling stress, CAT1 expression was significantly greater in glycinebetaine-treated tomato plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse1
- Gene
- CAT1e1
- Outcome
- CAT1 expressione1
- Direction
- greatere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“One day after exposure to chilling stress, the treated plants had significantly greater catalase activity and CAT1 expression, although their H(2)O(2) levels remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
One day after chilling stress, H2O2 levels in glycinebetaine-treated tomato plants remained unchanged.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chilling stresse1
- Outcome
- H(2)O(2) levelse1
- Direction
- unchangede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“One day after exposure to chilling stress, the treated plants had significantly greater catalase activity and CAT1 expression, although their H(2)O(2) levels remained unchanged”
Claim · model-written summary
During the two days after chilling began, glycinebetaine-treated tomato plants maintained lower H2O2 levels than controls.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB-treatede1
- Outcome
- H(2)O(2) levelse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Qualifier
- During the following 2 d of this chilling treatmente1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“During the following 2 d of this chilling treatment, GB-treated plants maintained lower H(2)O(2) levels but had higher catalase activity than the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
During the two days after chilling began, glycinebetaine-treated tomato plants had higher catalase activity than controls.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- GB-treatede1
- Outcome
- catalase activitye1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“During the following 2 d of this chilling treatment, GB-treated plants maintained lower H(2)O(2) levels but had higher catalase activity than the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycinebetaine-enhanced chilling tolerance may involve induction of H2O2-mediated antioxidant mechanisms.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- chilling tolerancee1
- Qualifier
- induction of H(2)O(2)-mediated antioxidant mechanismse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato Plants”
e1“GB-enhanced chilling tolerance may involve the induction of H(2)O(2)-mediated antioxidant mechanisms”
The same questions in other papers
glycine betaine · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.