Abstract
Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize. All the test fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the test pathogen over untreated control. Among systemic fungicides, propiconazole was found best in inhibiting the mycelial growth of E. turcicum (96.51% mean inhibition), mancozeb among non-systemic fungicides was found best (95.23% mean inhibition), Trichoderma harzianum among bioagents was found best (76.38% inhibition) and among plant extracts, neem oil inhibited maximum mycelial growth of E. turcicum (62.33%). The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field showed that two foliar sprays with non-systemic fungicide, mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cent reduced the diseased intensity from 20.45 per cent in control to 5.69 per cent and increased the grain yield from 45.20 q/ ha in control to 52.50 q/ha; two foliar sprays with systemic fungicide, propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 per cent reduced the diseased intensity to 6.11 per cent and increased the grain yield to 52.25 q/ha; two foliar sprays with plant extract, neem oil @ 5 per cent reduced the diseased intensity to 10.90 per cent and increased the grain yield to 49.90 q/ha while seed treatment with bioagent, Trichoderma harzianum 2x108 cfu/g @ 0.4 per cent followed by two foliar sprays with mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cent could further reduce the disease intensity to 5.40 per cent and increase grain yield to 53.60 q/ha.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
All tested fungicides showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of Exserohilum turcicum in vitro compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- test fungicidese2
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicum
Exserohilum turcicume0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growth of the test pathogene2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“All the test fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the test pathogen over untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested bioagents showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of Exserohilum turcicum in vitro compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- bioagentse2
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the test pathogene2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“All the test fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the test pathogen over untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested plant extracts showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of Exserohilum turcicum in vitro compared with untreated control.
- Treatment
- plant extractse2
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the test pathogene2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- untreated controle2
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“All the test fungicides, bioagents and plant extracts showed fungistatic action and significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the test pathogen over untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole was the best systemic fungicide in inhibiting mycelial growth of E. turcicum in vitro (96.51% mean inhibition).
- Treatment
- propiconazolee3
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume3pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of E. turcicume3
- Direction
- found best in inhibitinge3
- Value
- 96.51%e3
- Comparator
- systemic fungicidese3
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e3“Among systemic fungicides, propiconazole was found best in inhibiting the mycelial growth of E. turcicum (96.51% mean inhibition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb was the best non-systemic fungicide against Exserohilum turcicum in vitro (95.23% mean inhibition).
- Treatment
- mancozebe4
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mean inhibitione4
- Direction
- found beste4
- Value
- 95.23%e4
- Comparator
- non-systemic fungicidese4
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e4“mancozeb among non-systemic fungicides was found best (95.23% mean inhibition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum was the best bioagent in inhibiting Exserohilum turcicum in vitro (76.38% inhibition).
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianume5
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume5biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibitione5
- Direction
- found beste5
- Value
- 76.38%e5
- Comparator
- bioagentse5
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e5“Trichoderma harzianum among bioagents was found best (76.38% inhibition)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil inhibited the maximum mycelial growth of E. turcicum in vitro (62.33%) among plant extracts.
- Treatment
- neem oile6
- Interactor
- E. turcicumExserohilum turcicume6pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of E. turcicume6
- Direction
- inhibited maximume6
- Value
- 62.33%e6
- Comparator
- plant extractse6
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e6“among plant extracts, neem oil inhibited maximum mycelial growth of E. turcicum (62.33%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foliar sprays of mancozeb reduced maize disease intensity to 5.69 per cent from 20.45 per cent in control in the field.
- Treatment
- two foliar sprays with non-systemic fungicide, mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cente7
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseased intensitye7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 5.69 per cente7
- Qualifier
- 20.45 per cent in controle7
- Comparator
- controle7
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e7“two foliar sprays with non-systemic fungicide, mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cent reduced the diseased intensity from 20.45 per cent in control to 5.69 per cent and increased the grain yield from 45.20 q/ ha in control to 52.50 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foliar sprays of mancozeb increased maize grain yield to 52.50 q/ha in the field, against 45.20 q/ ha in control.
- Treatment
- two foliar sprays with non-systemic fungicide, mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cente7
- Outcome
- grain yielde7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 52.50 q/hae7
- Qualifier
- 45.20 q/ ha in controle7
- Comparator
- controle7
- Setting
- fielde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e7“two foliar sprays with non-systemic fungicide, mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cent reduced the diseased intensity from 20.45 per cent in control to 5.69 per cent and increased the grain yield from 45.20 q/ ha in control to 52.50 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foliar sprays of propiconazole reduced maize disease intensity to 6.11 per cent in the field.
- Treatment
- two foliar sprays with systemic fungicide, propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 per cente2
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseased intensitye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 6.11 per cente2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“two foliar sprays with systemic fungicide, propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 per cent reduced the diseased intensity to 6.11 per cent and increased the grain yield to 52.25 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foliar sprays of propiconazole increased maize grain yield to 52.25 q/ha in the field.
- Treatment
- two foliar sprays with systemic fungicide, propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 per cente2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 52.25 q/hae2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“two foliar sprays with systemic fungicide, propiconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 per cent reduced the diseased intensity to 6.11 per cent and increased the grain yield to 52.25 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foliar sprays of neem oil at 5 per cent reduced maize disease intensity to 10.90 per cent in the field.
- Treatment
- two foliar sprays with plant extract, neem oil @ 5 per cente2
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Outcome
- diseased intensitye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 10.90 per cente2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“two foliar sprays with plant extract, neem oil @ 5 per cent reduced the diseased intensity to 10.90 per cent and increased the grain yield to 49.90 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foliar sprays of neem oil at 5 per cent increased maize grain yield to 49.90 q/ha in the field.
- Treatment
- two foliar sprays with plant extract, neem oil @ 5 per cente2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 49.90 q/hae2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“two foliar sprays with plant extract, neem oil @ 5 per cent reduced the diseased intensity to 10.90 per cent and increased the grain yield to 49.90 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum followed by mancozeb sprays could further reduce maize disease intensity to 5.40 per cent in the field.
- Treatment
- seed treatment with bioagent, Trichoderma harzianum 2x108 cfu/g @ 0.4 per cente2
- Interactor
- Exserohilum turcicumExserohilum turcicume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease intensitye2
- Direction
- reducee2
- Value
- 5.40 per cente2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“seed treatment with bioagent, Trichoderma harzianum 2x108 cfu/g @ 0.4 per cent followed by two foliar sprays with mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cent could further reduce the disease intensity to 5.40 per cent and increase grain yield to 53.60 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum followed by mancozeb sprays increased maize grain yield to 53.60 q/ha in the field.
- Treatment
- seed treatment with bioagent, Trichoderma harzianum 2x108 cfu/g @ 0.4 per cente2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 53.60 q/hae2
- Setting
- fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Twelve fungicides including systemic and non-systemic, five bioagents and eight plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Exserohilum turcicum, the causal agent of Turcicum leaf blight of maize”
e2“seed treatment with bioagent, Trichoderma harzianum 2x108 cfu/g @ 0.4 per cent followed by two foliar sprays with mancozeb 75 WP @ 0.25 per cent could further reduce the disease intensity to 5.40 per cent and increase grain yield to 53.60 q/ha”
e1“The best performing in vitro fungicides, bioagents and botanicals when tested in field”
The same questions in other papers
Azadirachta indica · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma harzianum · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
propiconazole · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Trichoderma harzianum · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 7 papers →mancozeb · Exserohilum turcicum · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →mancozeb · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →propiconazole · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →Azadirachta indica · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
13 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.