Abstract
To reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from rice and wheat cultivation several mitigation options have been suggested. However, economic impact of these technologies has been poorly documented. In the present study economic analysis of some emerging GHG mitigation technologies for rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains has been carried out. The experiment consisted of six combinations of wheat- rice crop rotation using eight treatments, including conventionally tilled wheat (CTW), zero tilled wheat (ZTW), transplanted puddled rice (TPR), dry direct seeded rice (DSR), intermittent wetting and drying (IWD), application of rice straw (RS) with ZTW and use of neem oil-coated urea (NOCU) in TPR and ZTW. Cost of various inputs and income from grain and straw were used for computing the benefit to cost (B : C) ratio in the different treatments. ZTW showed higher yield and B : C ratio compared to CTW along with reduction in fuel consumption during tillage operation. In spite of lower yield under DSR and IWD, saving of water, labour and energy in these treatments lowered the cost of cultivation and enhanced B : C ratio similar to TPR. Application of rice straw and NOCU also showed positive impact on crop yield. B : C ratio of rice-wheat system ranged from 1.62 to 1.86 in the first year and from 1.86 to 2.16 in the second year. B : C ratio was significantly higher in all the treatments in the experimented rice-wheat system compared to conventional system, i.e. CTW-TPR. The ZTW + RR - DSR (WR5) showed highest B : C ratio followed by ZTW + DSR (WR4) in both the seasons.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tilled wheat had higher yield than conventionally tilled wheat.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTW showed higher yield and B : C ratio compared to CTW along with reduction in fuel consumption during tillage operation”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tilled wheat had a higher benefit to cost ratio than conventional tillage.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTW showed higher yield and B : C ratio compared to CTW along with reduction in fuel consumption during tillage operation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tilled wheat reduced fuel consumption during tillage relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- ZTWe0
- Outcome
- fuel consumption during tillage operatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- CTWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZTW showed higher yield and B : C ratio compared to CTW along with reduction in fuel consumption during tillage operation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry direct seeded rice had lower yield.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- DSRe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower yield under DSR and IWD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent wetting and drying had lower rice yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- IWDe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower yield under DSR and IWD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry direct seeding saved water, labour and energy and lowered cultivation costs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSRe1
- Outcome
- water, labour and energye0
- Direction
- savinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saving of water, labour and energy in these treatments lowered the cost of cultivation”
e1“under DSR and IWD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent wetting and drying saved water, labour and energy and lowered cultivation costs.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- IWDe1
- Outcome
- water, labour and energye0
- Direction
- savinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saving of water, labour and energy in these treatments lowered the cost of cultivation”
e1“under DSR and IWD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry direct seeding enhanced benefit to cost ratio to a level similar to transplanted puddled rice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced B : C ratio similar to TPR”
e1“under DSR and IWD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent wetting and drying enhanced benefit to cost ratio to a level similar to transplanted puddled rice.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced B : C ratio similar to TPR”
e1“under DSR and IWD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw application positively affected crop yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice strawe0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- positive impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of rice straw and NOCU also showed positive impact on crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem oil coated urea positively affected crop yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Application of rice straw and NOCU also showed positive impact on crop yield”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice wheat system benefit to cost ratio ranged from 1.62 to 1.86 in the first year.
Verbatim
e0“B : C ratio of rice-wheat system ranged from 1.62 to 1.86 in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The rice wheat system benefit to cost ratio ranged from 1.86 to 2.16 in the second year.
Verbatim
e0“B : C ratio of rice-wheat system ranged from 1.62 to 1.86 in the first year and from 1.86 to 2.16 in the second year”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested rice wheat treatments had significantly higher benefit to cost ratio than CTW-TPR.
Verbatim
e0“B : C ratio was significantly higher in all the treatments in the experimented rice-wheat system compared to conventional system, i.e. CTW-TPR”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTW + RR - DSR (WR5) had the highest benefit to cost ratio in both seasons.
Verbatim
e0“The ZTW + RR - DSR (WR5) showed highest B : C ratio followed by ZTW + DSR (WR4) in both the seasons”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZTW + DSR (WR4) ranked second for benefit to cost ratio in both seasons.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The ZTW + RR - DSR (WR5) showed highest B : C ratio followed by ZTW + DSR (WR4) in both the seasons”
t0“Rice-Wheat”
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