Abstract
The focus of the present study was to explore lead (Pb) induced root growth alterations vis-a-vis root morphological changes in leafy vegetable crops, namely, spinach [Spinacia oleracea (L.) cv. Pusa Bharti] and cabbage [Brassica oleracea (L.) cv Golden Acre] to establish the correlation between Pb accumulation and various root parameters. Both the crops were as exposed to different Pb concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/l) in irrigation water and changes in various root characteristics, namely, root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in both the crops were studied. The majority of the root parameters were adversely affected in spinach more as compared to cabbage even at very low concentration of Pb (2.5 mg/l) in irrigation water. However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order. It is suggested that spinach is more sensitive to Pb than cabbage. Both the crops being leafy vegetable should not be advocated to grow with Pb contaminated environment as it caused lead to food chain contamination.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach root fresh weight decreased by 68.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 68e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach dry weight decreased by 79.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 79e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach length decreased by 81.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 81e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach surface area decreased by 81.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- surface areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 81e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach volume decreased by 76.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- volumee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach length density decreased by 73.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- length densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 73e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach tips decreased by 84.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- tipse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 84e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach forks decreased by 82.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- forkse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 82e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, spinach root crossings decreased by 81%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- root crossingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage root fresh weight decreased by 59.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatae0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage dry weight decreased by 55.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage length decreased by 81.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 81e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage surface area decreased by 79.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- surface areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 79e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage volume decreased by 95.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- volumee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 95e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage length density decreased by 82.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- length densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 82e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage tips decreased by 84.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- tipse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 84e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage forks decreased by 76.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- forkse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 76e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10.0 mg/l Pb, cabbage root crossings decreased by 89%.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (10.0 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- root crossingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, at highest level of Pb (10.0 mg/l) the root fresh weight, dry weight, length, surface area, volume, length density, tips, forks and root crossings in spinach were reduced by 68, 79, 81, 81, 76, 73, 84, 82 and 81%, respectively, while for cabbage, the above parameters were reduced by 59, 55, 81, 79, 95, 82, 84, 76 and 89% in the same order.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most root parameters were more adversely affected in spinach than cabbage at 2.5 mg/l Pb.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Pb (2.5 mg/l)e0
- Outcome
- root parameterse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- cabbagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The majority of the root parameters were adversely affected in spinach more as compared to cabbage even at very low concentration of Pb (2.5 mg/l) in irrigation water.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise against growing both leafy crops in Pb-contaminated environments because of food-chain contamination.
Verbatim
e0“Both the crops being leafy vegetable should not be advocated to grow with Pb contaminated environment as it caused lead to food chain contamination.”
The same questions in other papers
lead atom · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →lead atom · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.