Abstract
Abstract Citrus blight is a vascular wilt disease of unknown etiology. Blight-affected ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on rough lemon ( C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstock in early stages of decline were treated with benzimidazole fungicides or with oxytetracycline (OTC) by trunk injection, soil drench, or injection plus drench. The distribution and persistence of the materials were monitored by bioassay using Bacillus cereus var. mycoides for OTC and Penicillium expansum L. for benzimidazoles. Both materials were well-distributed in the canopy following trunk injections, in the root systems following soil drenches, and though most of the tree after injection plus drench treatments. Benzimidazoles and OTC persisted within the trees for several months and relatively high levels of activity were maintained for over a year by 3 applications. OTC persisted in soil for more than 6 months; whereas, benomyl disappeared from the soil in 3 months or less. Although high levels of bactericidal or fungicidal activity were maintained in the treated trees, most treated trees declined as rapidly as the untreated control trees. The injection plus drench group treated with OTC showed a slight improvement after 2 years. None of the treatments increased tree growth or resulted in increased water uptake. High levels of zinc in trunk wood, an internal symptom of blight, were unaffected by the benzimidazole treatments, but injection plus drench treatment with OTC significantly reduced zinc levels in trunk wood. Since neither OTC nor benzimidazoles completely reversed symptoms of blight, we were unable to conclusively confirm or refute proposed bacterial or fungal etiologies for citrus blight.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Injected materials distributed through canopies.
- Outcome
- well-distributed in the canopye0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both materials were well-distributed in the canopy following trunk injections”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil drenches distributed materials in roots.
- Outcome
- root systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the root systems following soil drenches”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Injection plus drench distributed materials through most of the tree.
- Outcome
- most of the treee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“though most of the tree after injection plus drench treatments”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzimidazoles and OTC persisted in trees for months and three applications maintained activity over a year.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Benzimidazoles and OTC persisted within the trees for several months and relatively high levels of activity were maintained for over a year by 3 applications”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
OTC persisted in soil for more than six months.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“OTC persisted in soil for more than 6 months”
Claim · model-written summary
Benomyl disappeared from soil within three months.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“benomyl disappeared from the soil in 3 months or less”
Claim · model-written summary
Most treated trees declined as rapidly as untreated controls.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most treated trees declined as rapidly as the untreated control trees”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
OTC injection plus drench showed slight improvement after two years.
- Treatment
- injection plus drench group treated with OTCe0
- Outcome
- slight improvemente0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- after 2 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injection plus drench group treated with OTC showed a slight improvement after 2 years”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not increase tree growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the treatments increased tree growth”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not increase water uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the treatments increased tree growth or resulted in increased water uptake”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzimidazole treatment did not change high trunk-wood zinc.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High levels of zinc in trunk wood, an internal symptom of blight, were unaffected by the benzimidazole treatments”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
OTC injection plus drench significantly reduced trunk-wood zinc.
- Treatment
- injection plus drench treatment with OTCe0
- Outcome
- zinc levels in trunk woode0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injection plus drench treatment with OTC significantly reduced zinc levels in trunk wood”
t0“Citrus Trees”
The same questions in other papers
oxytetracycline · nutrient: content · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
application · nutrient: content · CitrusPositive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.