Abstract
Herbicides are widely applied to control weeds in vineyards. However, they may also impose abiotic stresses on non-target crops. Paraquat, acetochlor and fluoroglycofen are three types of herbicides that are sprayed onto the soil beneath grapevines after the fruit develops. The study aimed to characterize the effects of these herbicides in combination on the photosynthetic characteristics and nutrition storage of grapevine branches throughout the growing season in Qufu, Shandong, China. The results were compared to control vines treated with artificial weeding. The application of the three herbicides reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest concentration, the Pn was reduced by 34.6% 35 d after treatment. By 58 d, there was no significant difference between the lower concentration of herbicides and artificial weeding. Moreover, the combination of herbicides with the highest concentration of each reduced the free amino acid and soluble protein content by 10.4% and 15.1%, respectively, in the fourth node branches. The results of the pot experiment showed that acetochlor and fluoroglycofen both reduced Pn in dose-dependent manner. Moreover, both herbicides also enhanced the malonaldehyde content and accelerated the production rate of superoxide anions in grapevines. Taken together, these results suggested that acetochlor and fluoroglycofen produced different degrees of poisonous effects in grapevines. We suggest that orchard management strategies should reduce the number and dosage of herbicides, or cover crops instead.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The three-herbicide treatment reduced net photosynthesis dose-dependently.
Verbatim
e0“Paraquat, acetochlor and fluoroglycofen are three types of herbicides”
e1“The application of the three herbicides reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in a dose-dependent manner.”
e2“control vines treated with artificial weeding.”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest herbicide concentration, net photosynthesis fell 34.6% after 35 days.
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“At the highest concentration, the Pn was reduced by 34.6% 35 d after treatment.”
e1“control vines treated with artificial weeding.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 58 days, the lower herbicide concentration did not significantly differ from artificial weeding for photosynthesis.
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“By 58 d, there was no significant difference between the lower concentration of herbicides and artificial weeding.”
e1“net photosynthesis rate (Pn)”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest combined herbicide concentration reduced free amino acid content by 10.4% in fourth-node branches.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Organ / stage
- fourth node branchese0
- Treatment
- combination of herbicides with the highest concentration of eache0
- Outcome
- free amino acide0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“the combination of herbicides with the highest concentration of each reduced the free amino acid and soluble protein content by 10.4% and 15.1%, respectively, in the fourth node branches.”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest combined herbicide concentration reduced soluble protein content by 15.1% in fourth-node branches.
- Taxon
- grapet0
- Treatment
- combination of herbicides with the highest concentration of eache0
- Outcome
- soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 15.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“the combination of herbicides with the highest concentration of each reduced the free amino acid and soluble protein content by 10.4% and 15.1%, respectively, in the fourth node branches.”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor reduced grapevine net photosynthesis dose-dependently in pots.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“acetochlor and fluoroglycofen both reduced Pn in dose-dependent manner.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluoroglycofen reduced grapevine net photosynthesis dose-dependently in pots.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“acetochlor and fluoroglycofen both reduced Pn in dose-dependent manner.”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetochlor increased malonaldehyde and superoxide production in grapevines.
- Treatment
- acetochlore1
- Outcome
- malonaldehyde content and accelerated the production rate of superoxide anionse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both herbicides also enhanced the malonaldehyde content and accelerated the production rate of superoxide anions in grapevines.”
e1“acetochlor and fluoroglycofen both reduced Pn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluoroglycofen increased malonaldehyde and superoxide production in grapevines.
- Treatment
- fluoroglycofene1
- Outcome
- malonaldehyde content and accelerated the production rate of superoxide anionse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both herbicides also enhanced the malonaldehyde content and accelerated the production rate of superoxide anions in grapevines.”
e1“acetochlor and fluoroglycofen both reduced Pn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise reducing herbicide applications or using cover crops in orchards.
Verbatim
t0“grape”
e0“orchard management strategies should reduce the number and dosage of herbicides, or cover crops instead.”
The same questions in other papers
acetochlor · physiology: photosynthesis · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
herbicide · physiology: photosynthesis · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
herbicide · physiology: osmolytes · VitisResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.