Abstract
Studies were conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2006 in south Texas to evaluate fall, winter, and spring weed control for commercial rice production, study tillage intensity and herbicide rate interactions for rice production, and determine the tolerance of red rice ecotypes from Texas rice fields using selected herbicides at varying rates. A single application of any herbicide or combination of herbicides was not adequate for weed control throughout the fall, winter, and spring. Fall applications of clomazone plus flumioxazin provided consistent weed control. Addition of flumioxazin to glyphosate provided excellent winter annual grass control with winter application. A residual herbicide, coupled with the proper contact herbicide is the key to extending control. In 2006, all tillage by herbicide treatments in all studies provided ≥ 90% control of all weed species. The conventional tillage treatment with low herbicide input provided the highest rice grain yield in 2005 and 2006, though they were not significantly different from the spring stale seedbed program with medium or high herbicide input in 2006. In 2006, fall stale seedbed treatments were among the lowest in yield. A stale seedbed program may be useful, but with substantial weed pressure, increasing the intensity of herbicide applications is necessary to overcome the absence of tillage. All rice ecotypes were adequately controlled by glyphosate and only one ecotype was found to be tolerant to 2x rates of both imazethapyr and imazamox. All ecotypes were adequately controlled by 2x rates of more than two of the four herbicides which included imazethapy, imazamox, glufosinate, and glyphosate. Ecotypes from the 3.2 group, genetically similar to the ecotype TX4, appear to be the most likely to exhibit tolerance to a given herbicide. Tolerance to glufosinate was found in 70% of the group 3.2 ecotypes. Sixty percent of ecotypes from group 3.1, genetically similar to Oryza rufipogon were not adequately controlled by glufosinate.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
A single herbicide application did not control weeds throughout fall, winter, and spring.
- Taxon
- Red ricet0
- Treatment
- A single application of any herbicide or combination of herbicidese0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- not adequatee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“A single application of any herbicide or combination of herbicides was not adequate for weed control throughout the fall, winter, and spring.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall clomazone plus flumioxazin gave consistent weed control.
- Taxon
- Red ricet0
- Treatment
- Fall applications of clomazone plus flumioxazine0
- Outcome
- consistent weed controle0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Fall applications of clomazone plus flumioxazin provided consistent weed control.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding flumioxazin to glyphosate gave excellent winter annual grass control.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Addition of flumioxazin to glyphosate provided excellent winter annual grass control with winter application.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All tillage by herbicide treatments controlled at least 90% of weeds in 2006.
- Taxon
- Red ricet0
- Treatment
- all tillage by herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- control of all weed speciese0
- Value
- ≥ 90%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“In 2006, all tillage by herbicide treatments in all studies provided ≥ 90% control of all weed species.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage with low herbicide input gave the highest rice yield in 2005 and 2006.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- conventional tillage treatment with low herbicide inpute0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- in 2005 and 2006e0
- Comparator
- spring stale seedbed program with medium or high herbicide inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The conventional tillage treatment with low herbicide input provided the highest rice grain yield in 2005 and 2006, though they were not significantly different from the spring stale seedbed program with medium or high herbicide input in 2006.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall stale seedbed treatments had among the lowest yields in 2006.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In 2006, fall stale seedbed treatments were among the lowest in yield.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate adequately controlled every red rice ecotype.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- rice ecotypese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All rice ecotypes were adequately controlled by glyphosate”
Claim · model-written summary
One ecotype tolerated twice the usual rates of both imazethapyr and imazamox.
Verbatim
e0“only one ecotype was found to be tolerant to 2x rates of both imazethapyr and imazamox.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
All ecotypes were controlled by twice the rates of more than two tested herbicides.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“All ecotypes were adequately controlled by 2x rates of more than two of the four herbicides which included imazethapy, imazamox, glufosinate, and glyphosate.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Group 3.2 ecotypes appeared most likely to tolerate a given herbicide.
Verbatim
e0“Ecotypes from the 3.2 group, genetically similar to the ecotype TX4, appear to be the most likely to exhibit tolerance to a given herbicide.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate tolerance occurred in 70% of group 3.2 ecotypes.
Verbatim
e0“Tolerance to glufosinate was found in 70% of the group 3.2 ecotypes.”
t0“Red rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate did not adequately control 60% of group 3.1 ecotypes.
- Taxon
- Red ricet0
- Material
- group 3.1e0
- Treatment
- glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- ecotypese0
- Direction
- not adequately controllede0
- Value
- Sixty percente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Sixty percent of ecotypes from group 3.1, genetically similar to Oryza rufipogon were not adequately controlled by glufosinate.”
t0“Red rice”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · organism · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
tillage · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
586 papers in the same direction as this paper · 115 in the opposite direction · 27 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
725 papers more in this group
See all 729 papers →herbicide · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
724 papers in the same direction as this paper · 57 in the opposite direction · 20 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
798 papers more in this group
See all 802 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.