Abstract
In the present study, we studied the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma harzianum (its teleomorph is Hypocrea lixii ) against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica . T. harzianum used in this study was confirmed using the phylogenetic analyses of the LSU rDNA sequence. T. harzianum was grouped consistently with its teleomorph H. lixii in a highly supported clade within the family Hypocreaceae. Eggs treatment with H. lixii at 10 7 colony forming unit per mL (cfu/mL) infected 89.2% of eggs compared with 0.4% in the control. In addition, the fungus decreased the egg‐hatching rate by 8.8%. Treatment of M. javanica second stage (J 2 ) with culture filtrates of H. lixii caused 64.5% mortality of J 2 in after 72 h of exposure. Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments reduced disease severity and enhanced plant growth compared with the untreated control. H. lixii reduced the number of galls (49), the number of egg masses (32.8), and the number of eggs per egg mass (399.8) compared to the inoculated control. Plant height, root length, and the fresh and dry plant weights were significantly reduced by infection with M. javanica ; however, prior application of H. lixii prevented this reduction. Application of the fungus not only had a toxic effect on the nematode but also enhanced plant growth, supplying many nutritional elements and inducing systemic resistance in the plants. We demonstrated that application of H. lixii to the soil at a concentration of 10 6 or 10 7 cfu/mL is required for sufficient biocontrol of M. javanica .
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Treating M. javanica eggs with H. lixii at 10^7 cfu/mL infected 89.2% of eggs compared with 0.4% in the control.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- Eggs treatment with H. lixii at 10 7 colony forming unit per mL (cfu/mL)e0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- infectede0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 89.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Verbatim
e0“Eggs treatment with H. lixii at 10 7 colony forming unit per mL (cfu/mL) infected 89.2% of eggs compared with 0.4% in the control”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus decreased the egg-hatching rate of M. javanica by 8.8%.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- the funguse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg‐hatching ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the fungus decreased the egg‐hatching rate by 8.8%”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Culture filtrates of H. lixii caused 64.5% mortality of M. javanica second-stage juveniles after 72 h of exposure.
- Taxon
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0
- Treatment
- culture filtrates of H. lixiie0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality of J 2e0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 64.5%e0
- Qualifier
- after 72 h of exposuree0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of M. javanica second stage (J 2 ) with culture filtrates of H. lixii caused 64.5% mortality of J 2 in after 72 h of exposure”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Under greenhouse conditions all treatments reduced disease severity in tomato compared with the untreated control.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments reduced disease severity and enhanced plant growth compared with the untreated control”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Under greenhouse conditions all treatments enhanced tomato plant growth compared with the untreated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under greenhouse conditions, all treatments reduced disease severity and enhanced plant growth compared with the untreated control”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
H. lixii reduced the number of galls (49) compared to the inoculated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H. lixiie0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of gallse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 49e0
- Comparator
- inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. lixii reduced the number of galls (49), the number of egg masses (32.8), and the number of eggs per egg mass (399.8) compared to the inoculated control”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
H. lixii reduced the number of egg masses (32.8) compared to the inoculated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H. lixiie0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of egg massese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 32.8e0
- Comparator
- inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. lixii reduced the number of galls (49), the number of egg masses (32.8), and the number of eggs per egg mass (399.8) compared to the inoculated control”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
H. lixii reduced the number of eggs per egg mass (399.8) compared to the inoculated control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- H. lixiie0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of eggs per egg masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 399.8e0
- Comparator
- inoculated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“H. lixii reduced the number of galls (49), the number of egg masses (32.8), and the number of eggs per egg mass (399.8) compared to the inoculated control”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection with M. javanica significantly reduced tomato plant height and root length.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- infection with M. javanicae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Plant height, root lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, root length, and the fresh and dry plant weights were significantly reduced by infection with M. javanica”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection with M. javanica significantly reduced tomato fresh and dry plant weights.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- infection with M. javanicae0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- the fresh and dry plant weightse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, root length, and the fresh and dry plant weights were significantly reduced by infection with M. javanica”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Prior application of H. lixii prevented the reduction in plant growth caused by M. javanica infection.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- prior application of H. lixiie0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prior application of H. lixii prevented this reduction”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus was toxic to the nematode and also enhanced plant growth, by supplying many nutritional elements and inducing systemic resistance in the plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Application of the funguse0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- enhanced plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- supplying many nutritional elements and inducing systemic resistancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the fungus not only had a toxic effect on the nematode but also enhanced plant growth, supplying many nutritional elements and inducing systemic resistance in the plants”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of H. lixii to the soil at 10^6 or 10^7 cfu/mL is required for sufficient biocontrol of M. javanica.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of H. lixii to the soil at a concentration of 10 6 or 10 7 cfu/mLe0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne javanicaMeloidogyne javanicat0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Hypocrea lixiit0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- sufficient biocontrol of M. javanicae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of H. lixii to the soil at a concentration of 10 6 or 10 7 cfu/mL is required for sufficient biocontrol of M. javanica”
t0“Meloidogyne javanica on Tomato Plants by Hypocrea lixii”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis grouped T. harzianum consistently with its teleomorph H. lixii in a highly supported clade within the family Hypocreaceae.
- Taxon
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0 - Outcome
- grouped consistently with its teleomorph H. lixii in a highly supported cladee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum was grouped consistently with its teleomorph H. lixii in a highly supported clade within the family Hypocreaceae”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.