Abstract
Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most destructive grapevine diseases, and its control is based on intense chemical treatments (Gessler et al., 2011). Enhancement of plant resistance by natural inducers seems to be a promising strategy for controlling crop diseases (Vallad and Goodman, 2004), but scarce information is available on the molecular mechanisms of induced resistance in non-model plants. In grapevine, treatment with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) induces resistance against downy mildew (Perazzolli et al., 2008). The mechanism is mediated by the plant and involves modulation of some defence-related genes (Perazzolli et al., 2011). Our aim is to characterize the resistance mechanisms activated in grapevine by the biocontrol agent T39, to identify key genes and processes activated against downy mildew. Transcriptional changes associated with T39 treatment and subsequent inoculation with P. viticola were analyzed by Illumina RNA-Seq method. Three biological replicates were analyzed for each condition and each biological replicate was sequenced twice on separate lane. More than 15 million reads (paired-end, 100 nucleotides in length) were obtained for each biological replicate, corresponding to a coverage of at least 32x the grapevine transcriptome. Filtered reads were mapped to the grapevine genome and the expression value of grapevine genes was then calculated. Whereas exons comprise the 9% of the genome, 77% of mapped reads showed matches to predicted genes. From one to nine isoforms were recognized for each gene, and more than 3500 new expressed regions were identified. By statistical analysis, 7024 genes resulted as differentially expressed in at least one pairwise comparison, indicating a complex transcriptional reprogramming during T39-induced resistance. T39 treatment induced the expression of grapevine genes in the absence of pathogen infection and reinforces the expression of other genes after P. viticola inoculation. Interestingly, T39-treated plants showed specific reaction against P. viticola inoculation compared to control plants. In control plants, genes related to signal transduction and response to stress are mainly repressed by P. viticola inoculation. Conversely, genes related to transcription and response to stress are mainly induced by P. viticola in T39-treated plants, demonstrating the specific reaction against pathogen infection during T39-induced resistance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
77% of mapped reads matched predicted grapevine genes.
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“77% of mapped reads showed matches to predicted genes”
e1“the expression value of grapevine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
One to nine isoforms were found for each grapevine gene.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“From one to nine isoforms were recognized for each gene”
e1“the expression value of grapevine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 3500 new expressed regions were identified.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more than 3500 new expressed regions were identified”
e1“the expression value of grapevine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
7024 grapevine genes were differentially expressed in at least one pairwise comparison.
- Outcome
- genes resulted as differentially expressede0
- Value
- 7024e0
- Qualifier
- in at least one pairwise comparisone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“7024 genes resulted as differentially expressed in at least one pairwise comparison”
e1“the expression value of grapevine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
T39 induced grapevine gene expression without pathogen infection.
- Treatment
- T39 treatmente0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T39
Trichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- expression of grapevine genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T39 treatment induced the expression of grapevine genes in the absence of pathogen infection”
e1“Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39)”
Claim · model-written summary
T39 reinforced expression of other grapevine genes after P. viticola inoculation.
- Treatment
- T39 treatmente1
- Interactor
- P. viticola
Plasmopara viticolae0pathogen - Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T39Trichoderma harzianume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- expression of other genese0
- Direction
- reinforcese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reinforces the expression of other genes after P. viticola inoculation”
e1“T39 treatment induced the expression of grapevine genes”
e2“Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39)”
Claim · model-written summary
T39 treated grapevine showed a specific reaction to P. viticola relative to controls.
- Treatment
- T39-treated plantse0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T39Trichoderma harzianume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- specific reaction against P. viticola inoculatione0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T39-treated plants showed specific reaction against P. viticola inoculation compared to control plants”
e1“In grapevine, treatment”
e2“Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39)”
Claim · model-written summary
P. viticola mainly repressed stress response and signal transduction genes in controls.
- Treatment
- P. viticola inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- genes related to signal transduction and response to stresse0
- Direction
- repressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In control plants, genes related to signal transduction and response to stress are mainly repressed by P. viticola inoculation”
e1“expression of grapevine genes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. viticola mainly induced transcription and stress response genes in T39 treated grapevine.
- Treatment
- T39-treated plantse0
- Interactor
- P. viticolaPlasmopara viticolae0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum T39Trichoderma harzianume2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- genes related to transcription and response to stresse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes related to transcription and response to stress are mainly induced by P. viticola in T39-treated plants”
e1“expression of grapevine genes”
e2“Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39)”
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