Abstract
Abstract Antifungal activities of medicinal plants were observed against seedborne mycoflora of eggplant (Solanum melongena). The effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Mangifera indica, Mentha spicata, Citrus limon, Eucalyptus camaldulensis against four isolated fungal species including Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium digitatum was evaluated at various concentrations, by using the poisoned food technique. The impact of the extracts on seed germination and growth of eggplant was assessed by seed treatment and growth in a greenhouse experiment. Total flavonoids of E. camaldulensis were analyzed through spectrophotometer, using quercetin as a standard. Physico-chemical parameters were also determined. Antifungal activity showed that maximum inhibition percentage of P. digitatum (67.78%) and F. oxysporum (64.44%) was observed at the highest concentration (80%) of C. limon and E. camaldulensis extracts, respectively, followed by M. spicata extract against A. fl avus (63.33%) and R. stolonifer (52.22%). Least inhibition percentage of F. oxysporum, P. digitatum, R. stolonifer and A. flavus was 6.67, 7.78, 14.44 and 16.67%, respectively, at the lowest (20%) concentration of M. spicata. The greenhouse experiment showed variations in seedling germination and post-germination growth. E. camaldulensis extract showed an increase in percent germination (78.98%) over untreated control (62.83%), root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot with the consequent reduction in disease symptoms. Phytochemical analysis depicted the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins in all extracts while steroids and glycosides were absent. A fair amount (10.38 mg QE g -1 DF ) of flavonoid was present in leaf extract of E. camaldulensis. Physico-chemical analysis showed pH of 4.6, ash content of 0.41% and weight loss on drying of 8.14%.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The highest concentration of Citrus limon extract gave the maximum inhibition of Penicillium digitatum on eggplant seeds, at 67.78%.
- Taxon
- eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Treatment
- highest concentration (80%) of C. limone3
- Interactor
- P. digitatum
Penicillium digitatume3pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition percentagee3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 67.78%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e3“maximum inhibition percentage of P. digitatum (67.78%) and F. oxysporum (64.44%) was observed at the highest concentration (80%) of C. limon and E. camaldulensis extracts, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest concentration of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract gave the maximum inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum on eggplant seeds, at 64.44%.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- E. camaldulensis extractse3
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume3pathogen - Outcome
- inhibition percentagee3
- Direction
- maximume3
- Value
- 64.44%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e3“maximum inhibition percentage of P. digitatum (67.78%) and F. oxysporum (64.44%) was observed at the highest concentration (80%) of C. limon and E. camaldulensis extracts, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract increased percent germination of eggplant seeds to 78.98%, compared with untreated control at 62.83%.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- E. camaldulensis extracte4
- Outcome
- percent germinatione4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 78.98%e4
- Comparator
- untreated controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e4“E. camaldulensis extract showed an increase in percent germination (78.98%) over untreated control (62.83%), root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot with the consequent reduction in disease symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract reduced disease symptoms on eggplant seedlings in the greenhouse experiment.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- E. camaldulensis extracte4
- Outcome
- disease symptomse4
- Direction
- reductione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e4“E. camaldulensis extract showed an increase in percent germination (78.98%) over untreated control (62.83%), root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot with the consequent reduction in disease symptoms”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract contained 10.38 mg QE g -1 DF of flavonoid.
- Taxon
- E. camaldulensis
Eucalyptus camaldulensise5 - Outcome
- flavonoide5
- Value
- 10.38 mg QE g -1 DFe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e5“A fair amount (10.38 mg QE g -1 DF ) of flavonoid was present in leaf extract of E. camaldulensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Physico-chemical analysis gave a pH of 4.6 for the extracts.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- pHe6
- Value
- 4.6e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e6“Physico-chemical analysis showed pH of 4.6, ash content of 0.41% and weight loss on drying of 8.14%”
Claim · model-written summary
Physico-chemical analysis gave an ash content of 0.41% for the extracts.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- ash contente6
- Value
- 0.41%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e6“Physico-chemical analysis showed pH of 4.6, ash content of 0.41% and weight loss on drying of 8.14%”
Claim · model-written summary
Physico-chemical analysis gave a weight loss on drying of 8.14% for the extracts.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- weight loss on dryinge6
- Value
- 8.14%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e6“Physico-chemical analysis showed pH of 4.6, ash content of 0.41% and weight loss on drying of 8.14%”
Claim · model-written summary
Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were present in all extracts.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponinse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e7“Phytochemical analysis depicted the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins in all extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
Steroids and glycosides were absent from all extracts.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- steroids and glycosides were absente1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)”
e1“while steroids and glycosides were absent”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.