Abstract
The scarcity of good-quality water is forcing the use of brackish water for irrigation in many areas around the world. Alternate fresh- and brackish water irrigation is a feasible irrigation method (IM). A pot experiment was carried out with three brackish water IMs and at three levels (1, 3 and 5 g NaCl L−1). The various levels of brackish waters were irrigated at the seedling stage, the jointing and tasseling stage and the after tasseling stage, respectively. The responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to alternate irrigation were investigated through gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results showed that the alternate use of fresh- and brackish water reduced the increasing soil salinity caused by brackish water irrigation. The changes in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conduction (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values revealed that maize was more resistant to brackish water at the after tasseling stage. Moreover, significant reductions in maximum quantum yield (Φpo), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion (Φ2), photochemical quenching (qp), non-photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) of photosystem II, grain yield and biomass weight of maize subjected to high NaCl level brackish water at the jointing and tasseling stage were observed. This implied that maize plants were extremely sensitive to brackish water irrigation during the jointing and tasseling stage, and freshwater should be applied at this growth period. Our results would be helpful for sustainable maize production using alternate irrigation with fresh- and brackish water in arid and semi-arid areas.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate fresh and brackish irrigation reduced increasing soil salinity relative to brackish irrigation.
- Treatment
- alternate use of fresh- and brackish watere0
- Outcome
- soil salinitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- brackish water irrigatione0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the alternate use of fresh- and brackish water reduced the increasing soil salinity caused by brackish water irrigation.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Gas exchange and chlorophyll content indicated greater resistance after tasseling.
- Organ / stage
- after tasseling stagee0
- Treatment
- brackish watere0
- Outcome
- more resistante0
- Direction
- more resistante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The changes in net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conduction (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) values revealed that maize was more resistant to brackish water at the after tasseling stage.”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity irrigation at jointing and tasseling significantly reduced five fluorescence measures.
- Organ / stage
- jointing and tasseling stagee0
- Treatment
- high NaCl level brackish watere0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield (Φpo), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion (Φ2), photochemical quenching (qp)e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions in maximum quantum yield (Φpo), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion (Φ2), photochemical quenching (qp), non-photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) of photosystem II, grain yield and biomass weight of maize subjected to high NaCl level brackish water at the jointing and tasseling stage were observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity irrigation at jointing and tasseling significantly reduced two nonphotochemical quenching measures.
- Organ / stage
- jointing and tasseling stagee0
- Treatment
- high NaCl level brackish watere0
- Outcome
- non-photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ)e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant reductions in maximum quantum yield (Φpo), effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion (Φ2), photochemical quenching (qp), non-photochemical quenching of variable chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) of photosystem II, grain yield and biomass weight of maize subjected to high NaCl level brackish water at the jointing and tasseling stage were observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
High salinity irrigation at jointing and tasseling significantly reduced grain yield and biomass.
- Organ / stage
- jointing and tasseling stagee0
- Treatment
- high NaCl level brackish watere0
- Outcome
- grain yield and biomass weighte0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield and biomass weight of maize subjected to high NaCl level brackish water at the jointing and tasseling stage were observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Freshwater should be applied during jointing and tasseling.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“freshwater should be applied at this growth period.”
t0“maize”
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