Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oilseed crop, usually grown on a small scale and in salt-affected soils. Salinity stress can cause oxidative damage to plants. Upregulation of the antioxidant defense system induced by glycine betaine (GlyBet) alleviates the damaging effects of oxidative stress in plants. In the present investigation, seeds were treated with 0, 10, 30 and 60 mM of GlyBet solutions. Germination and the primary growth of the seedling were examined using sodium chloride salt (NaCl) at 0 (non-stress), 50, 100 and 150 mM concentrations. The obtained results indicate that at 50 and 100 mM NaCl, priming with 30 and 60 mM GlyBet increased root and shoot lengths compared to the control (0 mM). In addition, at all stress levels, priming with 60 mM GlyBet led to lower malondialdehyde, total soluble sugars and proline contents than in control seedlings. Priming with GlyBet increased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and protein content, while it reduced the activity of peroxidase under salinity stress. In addition, priming with GlyBet reduced the Na+/K+ ratio of seedlings and increased K+ under all salinity stress levels. Priming with 60 mM GlyBet also reduced the Na+ content under 150 mM NaCl. Together, these results show that 60 mM GlyBet had the most pronounced effect on tolerance to salinity stress in safflower seedling. The glycine betaine-increased tolerance to salt in safflower was mainly related to increased CAT and SOD activities, and the prevention of cell membrane damage as a result of reduced lipid peroxidation and improved ion homeostasis under salinity stress condition.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
GlyBet priming increased safflower root and shoot lengths at 50 and 100 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- Safflower
Carthamus tinctoriust0 - Treatment
- priming with 30 and 60 mM GlyBete0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 50 and 100 mM NaCle0
- Comparator
- control (0 mM)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at 50 and 100 mM NaCl, priming with 30 and 60 mM GlyBet increased root and shoot lengths compared to the control (0 mM)”
t0“safflower seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
60 mM GlyBet lowered malondialdehyde, soluble sugars and proline under salt stress.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- priming with 60 mM GlyBete0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde, total soluble sugars and proline contentse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- all stress levelse0
- Comparator
- control seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at all stress levels, priming with 60 mM GlyBet led to lower malondialdehyde, total soluble sugars and proline contents than in control seedlings”
t0“safflower seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GlyBet increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and protein content.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- Priming with GlyBete0
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming with GlyBet increased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and protein content”
t0“safflower seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GlyBet reduced peroxidase activity under salinity.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- Priming with GlyBete1
- Outcome
- activity of peroxidasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- salinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it reduced the activity of peroxidase under salinity stress”
t0“safflower seedlings”
e1“Priming with GlyBet increased”
Claim · model-written summary
GlyBet reduced the seedling Na+/K+ ratio under salinity.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- priming with GlyBete0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratio of seedlingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming with GlyBet reduced the Na+/K+ ratio of seedlings”
t0“safflower seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GlyBet increased seedling K+ under all salinity levels.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- priming with GlyBete0
- Outcome
- K+e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- all salinity stress levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming with GlyBet reduced the Na+/K+ ratio of seedlings and increased K+ under all salinity stress levels”
t0“safflower seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
60 mM GlyBet reduced seedling Na+ at 150 mM NaCl.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriust0
- Treatment
- Priming with 60 mM GlyBete0
- Outcome
- Na+ contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 150 mM NaCle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming with 60 mM GlyBet also reduced the Na+ content under 150 mM NaCl”
t0“safflower seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified 60 mM GlyBet as having the strongest effect on safflower salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Treatment
- 60 mM GlyBete0
- Outcome
- tolerance to salinity stresse0
- Direction
- most pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“60 mM GlyBet had the most pronounced effect on tolerance to salinity stress in safflower seedling”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors associated salt tolerance with CAT and SOD activity, lower lipid peroxidation, and ion homeostasis.
- Taxon
- safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0
- Gene
- CAT and SODe0
- Outcome
- tolerance to salte0
- Qualifier
- reduced lipid peroxidation and improved ion homeostasise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glycine betaine-increased tolerance to salt in safflower was mainly related to increased CAT and SOD activities, and the prevention of cell membrane damage as a result of reduced lipid peroxidation and improved ion homeostasis”
The same questions in other papers
glycine betaine · physiology: ion balance · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
glycine betaine · physiology: oxidative · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
seed treatment · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
seed treatment · physiology: oxidative · Carthamus tinctorius (safflower)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.