Abstract
Blackheart (BH, also known as endogenous brown spot or internal browning) is a physiological disorder in pineapple fruit induced by chilling temperatures or gibberellic acid (GA3). Factors causing the browning reaction, including polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO, EC 1.10.3.1), phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), phenolic compounds, and ethylene production, were tested in order to identify the involved biochemical pathways. The occurrence of BH in pineapple fruit was mainly due to the catalyzed oxidation of phenolic compounds by PPO to form a brown product. Low temperature or GA3 markedly increased PPO activity and the content of its substrates as catechol, chlorogalic acid and caffeic acid to accelerate the development of BH. The enhancement of PAL activity and dramatic increase in ethylene production induced by low temperatures or GA3 were also involved in the BH development. Higher levels of PPO, PAL activity and the phenolic compounds in the lower part than in the upper part of the fruit explained the initial BH symptom appearing at lower fruitlet bases near the core.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Blackheart in pineapple fruit was mainly attributed to PPO-catalyzed oxidation of phenolics.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLE
Ananas comosust0 - Gene
- PPOe0
- Compound
- phenolic compoundse0
- Outcome
- BHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“The occurrence of BH in pineapple fruit was mainly due to the catalyzed oxidation of phenolic compounds by PPO to form a brown product.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature or GA3 markedly increased PPO activity.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLEAnanas comosust0
- Treatment
- Low temperature or GA3e0
- Gene
- PPOe0
- Outcome
- PPO activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“Low temperature or GA3 markedly increased PPO activity and the content of its substrates as catechol, chlorogalic acid and caffeic acid to accelerate the development of BH.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature or GA3 increased catechol, chlorogalic acid and caffeic acid content.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLEAnanas comosust0
- Treatment
- Low temperature or GA3e0
- Outcome
- content of its substrates as catechol, chlorogalic acid and caffeic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“Low temperature or GA3 markedly increased PPO activity and the content of its substrates as catechol, chlorogalic acid and caffeic acid to accelerate the development of BH.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature or GA3 enhanced PAL activity.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLEAnanas comosust0
- Treatment
- low temperatures or GA3e0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- PAL activitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“The enhancement of PAL activity and dramatic increase in ethylene production induced by low temperatures or GA3 were also involved in the BH development.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature or GA3 increased ethylene production.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLEAnanas comosust0
- Treatment
- low temperatures or GA3e0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“The enhancement of PAL activity and dramatic increase in ethylene production induced by low temperatures or GA3 were also involved in the BH development.”
Claim · model-written summary
PPO and PAL activity and phenolic compounds were higher in the lower than upper fruit.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLEAnanas comosust0
- Organ / stage
- lower parte0
- Outcome
- PPO, PAL activity and the phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Comparator
- upper parte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“Higher levels of PPO, PAL activity and the phenolic compounds in the lower part than in the upper part of the fruit explained the initial BH symptom appearing at lower fruitlet bases near the core.”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial blackheart symptoms appeared at lower fruitlet bases near the core.
- Taxon
- PINEAPPLEAnanas comosust0
- Organ / stage
- lower fruitlet bases near the coree0
- Outcome
- initial BH symptom appearing at lower fruitlet bases near the coree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PINEAPPLE FRUIT”
e0“Higher levels of PPO, PAL activity and the phenolic compounds in the lower part than in the upper part of the fruit explained the initial BH symptom appearing at lower fruitlet bases near the core.”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Ananas comosus (pineapple)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Gibberellic acid · molecular: metabolites · Ananas comosus (pineapple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
cold · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Ananas comosus (pineapple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
cold · molecular: metabolites · Ananas comosus (pineapple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
cold · physiology: hormones · Ananas comosus (pineapple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.