Abstract
Trichoderma species are soil-borne filamentous fungi widely utilized for their many plant health benefits, such as conferring improved growth, disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance to their hosts. Many Trichoderma species are able to produce the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its production has been suggested to promote root growth. Here we show that the production of IAA is strain dependent and diverse external stimuli are associated with its production. In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains. In soil experiments, a continuum effect on plant growth was shown and this was also strain dependent. In plate assays, some strains of Trichoderma spp. inhibited the expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5 in Arabidopsis primary roots but not secondary roots. When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed. Trichoderma strains T. virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040, T. sp. “atroviride B” LU132 and T. asperellum LU1370 were demonstrated to promote plant growth through volatile production. However, contrasting differences were observed with LU1370 which had a negative effect on plant growth in soil but a positive effect in plate assays. Altogether our results suggest that the mechanisms and molecules involved in plant growth promotion by Trichoderma spp. are multivariable and are affected by the environmental conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
IAA production by Trichoderma is strain dependent, and diverse external stimuli are associated with its production.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- production of IAAe1
- Qualifier
- strain dependente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
e1“Here we show that the production of IAA is strain dependent and diverse external stimuli are associated with its production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Some Trichoderma strains negatively affected Arabidopsis primary root length in in vitro assays.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- the interaction with some Trichoderma strainse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- primary root lengthe0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
- Setting
- in vitro assayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
Claim · model-written summary
In soil experiments, Trichoderma strains had a continuum effect on plant growth that was strain dependent.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Outcome
- effect on plant growthe3
- Qualifier
- continuume3
- Setting
- soil experimentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
e3“In soil experiments, a continuum effect on plant growth was shown and this was also strain dependent.”
Claim · model-written summary
Some Trichoderma strains inhibited expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5 in Arabidopsis primary roots but not secondary roots in plate assays.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Organ / stage
- primary rootse2
- Treatment
- Trichoderma spp.e2
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp.Trichodermae2symbiont
- Gene
- DR5e2
- Outcome
- expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5e2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Qualifier
- but not secondary rootse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In plate assays, some strains of Trichoderma spp. inhibited the expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5 in Arabidopsis primary roots but not secondary roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, both shoot and root biomass were enhanced.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae4
- Treatment
- When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separatede4
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp.Trichodermae4symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse4
- Direction
- enhancemente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed.”
Claim · model-written summary
When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, root production and chlorophyll content increased.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae4
- Treatment
- When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separatede4
- Interactor
- Trichoderma spp.Trichodermae4symbiont
- Outcome
- root production and chlorophyll contente4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile production by the fungus is suggested to influence the plant parameters analyzed.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae4
- Treatment
- volatile production by the funguse4
- Outcome
- the parameters analyzede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040 and T. sp. “atroviride B” LU132 promote Arabidopsis growth through volatile production.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- volatile productione5
- Interactor
- T. virens Gv29.8Trichoderma virense5symbiont
- Second interactor
- T. atroviride IMI206040
Trichoderma atroviridee5symbiont - Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Direction
- promotee5
- Qualifier
- T. sp. “atroviride B” LU132e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
e5“Trichoderma strains T. virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040, T. sp. “atroviride B” LU132 and T. asperellum LU1370 were demonstrated to promote plant growth through volatile production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum LU1370 promotes Arabidopsis growth through volatile production.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- volatile productione5
- Interactor
- T. asperellum LU1370
Trichoderma asperellume5symbiont - Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Direction
- promotee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
e5“Trichoderma strains T. virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040, T. sp. “atroviride B” LU132 and T. asperellum LU1370 were demonstrated to promote plant growth through volatile production.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum LU1370 had a negative effect on Arabidopsis growth in soil.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- LU1370e6
- Interactor
- LU1370e6symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth in soile6
- Direction
- negative effecte6
- Setting
- in soile6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
e6“However, contrasting differences were observed with LU1370 which had a negative effect on plant growth in soil but a positive effect in plate assays.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum LU1370 had a positive effect on Arabidopsis growth in plate assays.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- LU1370e6
- Interactor
- LU1370e6symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe6
- Direction
- positive effecte6
- Setting
- plate assayse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains.”
e6“However, contrasting differences were observed with LU1370 which had a negative effect on plant growth in soil but a positive effect in plate assays.”
The same questions in other papers
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3 in the opposite direction
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.