Abstract
Heat can induce physiological changes in plant tissues, including the inhibition of broccoli senescence. Hot water treatments at 52C for 3 or more minutes may induce off-odors in fresh broccoli. The objective of this study was to identify heat-induced volatiles that may indicate physiological injury and/or be responsible for off-odors. Heads of fresh broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. Italica group cv. `Paragon') were immersed in water at 25C for 10 min (control); 45C for 10, 15, or 20 min; or 52C for 1, 2, or 3 min. Following treatment broccoli was held at 20C in the dark. Volatiles in the headspace above treated broccoli were trapped on Tenax-GR 2, 24, and 72 h after treatment and analyzed on a GC-MS. Heat treatments increased the production of ethanol, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), hexenol, methyl thiocyanate, and several other unidentified compounds. Two hours after treatment, ethanol and hexenol concentrations in the headspace of all heat-treated broccoli were greater than those of the 25C/10 min controls. In the 52C/3 min-treated broccoli, headspace concentrations of ethanol, hexenol, DMDS, and methyl thiocyanate were 600-, 42-, 4-, and 4-fold greater than those of controls. After 72 h at 20C, concentrations of DMDS, DMS, and DMTS in broccoli from all six heat treatments were 10- to 200- fold, 8- to 35-fold, and 1.5- to 23- fold greater than those of controls, respectively. Concentrations of ethanol and methyl thiocyanate did not change relative to the controls during the additional 70 h at 20C. Concentrations of hexenol decreased in heat-treated broccoli during this time. The relationship of these volatiles to physiological changes and off-odor development in treated broccoli will be discussed.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Heat increased several broccoli volatiles.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- Heat treatmentse0
- Outcome
- production of ethanol, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatments increased the production of ethanol, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), hexenol, methyl thiocyanate, and several other unidentified compounds”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
After two hours ethanol and hexenol were greater in all heat treatments than controls.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- all heat-treated broccolie0
- Outcome
- ethanol and hexenol concentrationse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- 25C/10 min controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two hours after treatment, ethanol and hexenol concentrations in the headspace of all heat-treated broccoli were greater than those of the 25C/10 min controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 52C for 3 min ethanol rose 600-fold.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- 52C/3 min-treatede0
- Outcome
- ethanole0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 600-e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 52C/3 min-treated broccoli, headspace concentrations of ethanol, hexenol, DMDS, and methyl thiocyanate were 600-, 42-, 4-, and 4-fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 52C for 3 min hexenol rose 42-fold.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- 52C/3 min-treatede0
- Outcome
- hexenole0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 42-e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 52C/3 min-treated broccoli, headspace concentrations of ethanol, hexenol, DMDS, and methyl thiocyanate were 600-, 42-, 4-, and 4-fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 52C for 3 min DMDS rose fourfold.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- 52C/3 min-treatede0
- Outcome
- DMDSe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4-e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 52C/3 min-treated broccoli, headspace concentrations of ethanol, hexenol, DMDS, and methyl thiocyanate were 600-, 42-, 4-, and 4-fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 52C for 3 min methyl thiocyanate rose fourfold.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- 52C/3 min-treatede0
- Outcome
- methyl thiocyanatee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4-folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 52C/3 min-treated broccoli, headspace concentrations of ethanol, hexenol, DMDS, and methyl thiocyanate were 600-, 42-, 4-, and 4-fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 72 h DMDS was 10- to 200-fold greater.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- all six heat treatmentse0
- Outcome
- DMDSe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 10- to 200- folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of DMDS, DMS, and DMTS in broccoli from all six heat treatments were 10- to 200- fold, 8- to 35-fold, and 1.5- to 23- fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 72 h DMS was 8- to 35-fold greater.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- all six heat treatmentse0
- Outcome
- DMSe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 8- to 35-folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of DMDS, DMS, and DMTS in broccoli from all six heat treatments were 10- to 200- fold, 8- to 35-fold, and 1.5- to 23- fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
At 72 h DMTS was 1.5- to 23-fold greater.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Treatment
- all six heat treatmentse0
- Outcome
- DMTSe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 1.5- to 23- folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“concentrations of DMDS, DMS, and DMTS in broccoli from all six heat treatments were 10- to 200- fold, 8- to 35-fold, and 1.5- to 23- fold greater than those of controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol and methyl thiocyanate stayed constant relative to controls over the additional 70 h.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of ethanol and methyl thiocyanatee0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of ethanol and methyl thiocyanate did not change relative to the controls during the additional 70 h at 20C”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Hexenol declined over this time.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae0
- Outcome
- Concentrations of hexenole0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of hexenol decreased in heat-treated broccoli during this time”
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.