Abstract
Three years of experiments were carried out with both Delicious fruit on trees and fruit skin discs. There were two peaks of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity during fruit development. One occurred in the fruitlet stage and the other in the fruit enlargement stage. The first peak was coincident with anthocyanin synthesis in fruitlet but the second peak did not correlate with pigment formation during maturation. In fact, PAL activity decreased gradually during fruit maturation and coloration. Treatment with L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acid, a specific PAL inhibitor, decreased PAL activity in fruit and in skin discs 57% and 80%, respectively, but did not change anthocyanin content. Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin synthesis by 76% in fruit and 85% in skin discs, but did not significantly inhibit PAL activity. On the other hand, PAL activity was positively correlated with concentrations of simple phenols which were direct products of PAL and precursors for synthesis of lignin, anthocyanin and other flavonoid.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity showed two peaks during apple fruit development, one at the fruitlet stage and one at fruit enlargement.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Deliciouse1
- Organ / stage
- fruit developmente2
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e1“Three years of experiments were carried out with both Delicious fruit on trees and fruit skin discs”
e2“There were two peaks of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity during fruit development. One occurred in the fruitlet stage and the other in the fruit enlargement stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The first PAL peak was coincident with anthocyanin synthesis in fruitlets.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruitlete3
- Outcome
- anthocyanin synthesise3
- Direction
- coincident withe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e3“The first peak was coincident with anthocyanin synthesis in fruitlet but the second peak did not correlate with pigment formation during maturation”
Claim · model-written summary
The second PAL peak did not correlate with pigment formation during maturation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- maturatione3
- Outcome
- pigment formatione3
- Direction
- did not correlatee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e3“The first peak was coincident with anthocyanin synthesis in fruitlet but the second peak did not correlate with pigment formation during maturation”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity decreased gradually during apple fruit maturation and coloration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruit maturation and coloratione4
- Outcome
- PAL activitye4
- Direction
- decreased graduallye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e4“In fact, PAL activity decreased gradually during fruit maturation and coloration”
Claim · model-written summary
The PAL inhibitor decreased PAL activity by 57% in apple fruit without changing anthocyanin content.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite5
- Treatment
- L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acide5
- Outcome
- PAL activitye5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 57%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e5“Treatment with L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acid, a specific PAL inhibitor, decreased PAL activity in fruit and in skin discs 57% and 80%, respectively, but did not change anthocyanin content”
Claim · model-written summary
The PAL inhibitor decreased PAL activity by 80% in apple skin discs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- skin discse5
- Treatment
- L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acide5
- Outcome
- PAL activitye5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Value
- 80%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e5“Treatment with L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acid, a specific PAL inhibitor, decreased PAL activity in fruit and in skin discs 57% and 80%, respectively, but did not change anthocyanin content”
Claim · model-written summary
The PAL inhibitor did not change anthocyanin content in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acide5
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente5
- Direction
- did not changee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e5“Treatment with L-α-aminooxy-B-phenylpropionic acid, a specific PAL inhibitor, decreased PAL activity in fruit and in skin discs 57% and 80%, respectively, but did not change anthocyanin content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin synthesis by 76% in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite6
- Treatment
- Cycloheximidee6
- Outcome
- anthocyanin synthesise6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
- Value
- 76%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e6“Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin synthesis by 76% in fruit and 85% in skin discs, but did not significantly inhibit PAL activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin synthesis by 85% in apple skin discs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- skin discse6
- Treatment
- Cycloheximidee6
- Outcome
- anthocyanin synthesise6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
- Value
- 85%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e6“Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin synthesis by 76% in fruit and 85% in skin discs, but did not significantly inhibit PAL activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide did not significantly inhibit PAL activity in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Cycloheximidee6
- Outcome
- PAL activitye6
- Direction
- did not significantly inhibite6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e6“Cycloheximide inhibited anthocyanin synthesis by 76% in fruit and 85% in skin discs, but did not significantly inhibit PAL activity”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity was positively correlated with simple phenol concentrations in apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- simple phenolse7
- Outcome
- PAL activitye7
- Direction
- positively correlatede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“RELATIONSHIP OF PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE AND ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN APPLE”
e7“PAL activity was positively correlated with concentrations of simple phenols”
The same questions in other papers
cycloheximide · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.