Abstract
Ambient temperature has a large impact on reproductive development and grain yield in temperate cereals. However, little is known about the genetic control of development under different ambient temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that in barley (Hordeum vulgare), high ambient temperatures accelerate or delay reproductive development depending on the photoperiod response gene PHOTOPERIOD1 (Ppd-H1) and its upstream regulator EARLY FLOWERING3 (HvELF3). A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures. High ambient temperature delayed the expression phase and reduced the amplitude of clock genes and repressed the floral integrator gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1 independently of the genotype. Ppd-H1-dependent variation in flowering time under different ambient temperatures correlated with relative expression levels of the BARLEY MADS-box genes VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), HvBM3, and HvBM8 in the leaf. Finally, we show that Ppd-H1 interacts with regulatory variation at HvVRN1. Ppd-H1 only accelerated floral development in the background of a spring HvVRN1 allele with a deletion in the regulatory intron. The full-length winter Hvvrn1 allele was strongly down-regulated, and flowering was delayed by high temperatures irrespective of Ppd-H1 Our findings demonstrate that the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways interact to control flowering time and floret fertility in response to ambient temperature in barley.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
A natural Ppd-H1 mutation delayed floral development under high ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Material
- spring barleye0
- Treatment
- high ambient temperaturese0
- Gene
- Ppd-H1e0
- Outcome
- floral developmente0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- wild-type Ppd-H1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
A natural Ppd-H1 mutation reduced florets and seeds per spike under high ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- high ambient temperaturese0
- Gene
- Ppd-H1e0
- Outcome
- number of florets and seeds per spikee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- wild-type Ppd-H1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild-type Ppd-H1 accelerated floral development under high ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- wild-type Ppd-H1e0
- Treatment
- high ambient temperaturese0
- Gene
- Ppd-H1e0
- Outcome
- floral developmente0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- natural mutation in Ppd-H1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
A mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development under high ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- high ambient temperaturese0
- Gene
- Hvelf3e0
- Outcome
- floral developmente0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild-type Ppd-H1 maintained seed number under high ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- wild-type Ppd-H1e0
- Treatment
- high ambient temperaturese0
- Gene
- Ppd-H1e0
- Outcome
- seed numbere0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
A mutant Hvelf3 allele maintained seed number under high ambient temperature.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- high ambient temperaturese0
- Gene
- Hvelf3e0
- Outcome
- seed numbere0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A natural mutation in Ppd-H1 prevalent in spring barley delayed floral development and reduced the number of florets and seeds per spike, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 or a mutant Hvelf3 allele accelerated floral development and maintained the seed number under high ambient temperatures.”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature delayed clock-gene expression phase independently of genotype.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- High ambient temperaturee0
- Gene
- clock genese0
- Outcome
- expression phasee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- independently of the genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High ambient temperature delayed the expression phase and reduced the amplitude of clock genes and repressed the floral integrator gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1 independently of the genotype.”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced clock-gene expression amplitude independently of genotype.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- High ambient temperaturee0
- Gene
- clock genese0
- Outcome
- amplitudee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- independently of the genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High ambient temperature delayed the expression phase and reduced the amplitude of clock genes and repressed the floral integrator gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1 independently of the genotype.”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature repressed FLOWERING LOCUS T1 independently of genotype.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- High ambient temperaturee0
- Gene
- FLOWERING LOCUS T1e0
- Outcome
- floral integrator gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1e0
- Direction
- repressede0
- Qualifier
- independently of the genotypee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High ambient temperature delayed the expression phase and reduced the amplitude of clock genes and repressed the floral integrator gene FLOWERING LOCUS T1 independently of the genotype.”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ppd-H1-dependent flowering-time variation correlated with leaf expression of HvVRN1, HvBM3 and HvBM8 under different temperatures.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Gene
- VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), HvBM3, and HvBM8e0
- Outcome
- variation in flowering timee0
- Qualifier
- under different ambient temperaturese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ppd-H1-dependent variation in flowering time under different ambient temperatures correlated with relative expression levels of the BARLEY MADS-box genes VERNALIZATION1 (HvVRN1), HvBM3, and HvBM8 in the leaf.”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ppd-H1 interacts with regulatory variation at HvVRN1.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Gene
- Ppd-H1e0
- Outcome
- interacts with regulatory variation at HvVRN1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Finally, we show that Ppd-H1 interacts with regulatory variation at HvVRN1.”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ppd-H1 accelerated floral development only with a spring HvVRN1 allele carrying a regulatory-intron deletion.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- spring HvVRN1 allelee0
- Gene
- Ppd-H1e0
- Outcome
- floral developmente0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Qualifier
- with a deletion in the regulatory introne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ppd-H1 only accelerated floral development in the background of a spring HvVRN1 allele with a deletion in the regulatory intron.”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature strongly downregulated the full-length winter Hvvrn1 allele irrespective of Ppd-H1.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- full-length winter Hvvrn1 allelee0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Gene
- Hvvrn1e0
- Outcome
- full-length winter Hvvrn1 allelee0
- Direction
- strongly down-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of Ppd-H1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The full-length winter Hvvrn1 allele was strongly down-regulated, and flowering was delayed by high temperatures irrespective of Ppd-H1”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature delayed flowering with the full-length winter Hvvrn1 allele irrespective of Ppd-H1.
- Taxon
- Hordeum vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- full-length winter Hvvrn1 allelee0
- Treatment
- high temperaturese0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of Ppd-H1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The full-length winter Hvvrn1 allele was strongly down-regulated, and flowering was delayed by high temperatures irrespective of Ppd-H1”
e1“in barley (Hordeum vulgare)”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoperiodic and vernalization pathways interact to control flowering time and floret fertility in barley's temperature response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- flowering time and floret fertilitye0
- Qualifier
- photoperiodic and vernalization pathways interacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings demonstrate that the photoperiodic and vernalization pathways interact to control flowering time and floret fertility in response to ambient temperature in barley.”
The same questions in other papers
heat · phenology · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.