Abstract
In this study we evaluated the dry matter yield (DMY) and botanical composition of high protein value (QPM) white maize (Zea mays L.) with and without ear removal and associated or not with the annual legumes lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and determined the nutritional value and products of fermentation of silage of these associations. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Substation at Isabela, Puerto Rico, between January and April 2010 in an Oxisol soil. Lablab and sunn hemp were intercropped with white QPM corn in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. Ears with grain in the milky stage were removed from the plant at 90-d post seeding; the next day the crop was ensiled in three of the treatments [Monoculture (CWOE), associated with lablab (CLWOE) and with crotalaria (CCWOE)]. There were three analogous treatments of corn with ears present (CE, CLE and CCE). Among the latter, DMY increased with intercropping from 9,890 kg/ha (CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE) and 14,786 kg/ha (CCE) whereas among the treatments without ears the increases were from 7,270 kg/ha (CWOE) to 8,667 kg/ha (CLWOE) and 10,641 kg/ha (CCWOE), thus indicating DMY losses of 2,620 kg/ha, 2,589 kg/ha and 4,145 kg/ha as a result of ear removal, for the three respective comparisons. A greater benefit to DMY occurred when sunn hemp was the intercrop (4,134 kg/ha) compared with that of lablab (1,382 kg/ha). Intercropping with sunn hemp was also more effective in reducing the proportion of weeds in the crop than with lablab (CE, 20.5%; CLE, 17.1%; CCE, 9.9%). Relative to monoculture silage, the intercropped legumes resulted in a slight reduction in dry matter (26.6 to 25.9%), but an increase is crude protein (CP) (10.0 to 11.9%) (P < 0.05). The neutral detergent fiber content of the silages was not affected, but acid detergent fiber increased from 32.9% in monoculture to 38.3% when intercropped with legume; this effect was more pronounced in the absence of ears. Corn-legume intercropping benefited weed control and increased DMY in the field and CP content of silage, without affecting the fermentation process, even when the corn ears were removed before ensiling.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
In maize with ears, intercropping with lablab increased dry matter yield from 9,890 kg/ha (monoculture, CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE).
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11,256 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 9,890 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- CEe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY increased with intercropping from 9,890 kg/ha (CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE)”
Claim · model-written summary
In maize with ears, intercropping with sunn hemp increased dry matter yield from 9,890 kg/ha (monoculture, CE) to 14,786 kg/ha (CCE).
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14,786 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 9,890 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- CEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY increased with intercropping from 9,890 kg/ha (CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE) and 14,786 kg/ha (CCE)”
Claim · model-written summary
In maize without ears, intercropping with lablab increased dry matter yield from 7,270 kg/ha (monoculture, CWOE) to 8,667 kg/ha (CLWOE).
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8,667 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 7,270 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- CWOEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY increased with intercropping from 9,890 kg/ha (CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE) and 14,786 kg/ha (CCE) whereas among the treatments without ears the increases were from 7,270 kg/ha (CWOE) to 8,667 kg/ha (CLWOE)”
Claim · model-written summary
In maize without ears, intercropping with sunn hemp increased dry matter yield from 7,270 kg/ha (monoculture, CWOE) to 10,641 kg/ha (CCWOE).
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- DMYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10,641 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 7,270 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- CWOEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY increased with intercropping from 9,890 kg/ha (CE) to 11,256 kg/ha (CLE) and 14,786 kg/ha (CCE) whereas among the treatments without ears the increases were from 7,270 kg/ha (CWOE) to 8,667 kg/ha (CLWOE) and 10,641 kg/ha (CCWOE)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear removal caused a dry matter yield loss of 2,620 kg/ha in monoculture maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY losses of 2,620 kg/ha, 2,589 kg/ha and 4,145 kg/ha as a result of ear removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear removal caused a dry matter yield loss of 2,589 kg/ha in maize intercropped with lablab.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY losses of 2,620 kg/ha, 2,589 kg/ha and 4,145 kg/ha as a result of ear removal”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear removal caused a dry matter yield loss of 4,145 kg/ha in maize intercropped with sunn hemp.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“DMY losses of 2,620 kg/ha, 2,589 kg/ha and 4,145 kg/ha as a result of ear removal”
Claim · model-written summary
The benefit to dry matter yield was greater with sunn hemp as the intercrop (4,134 kg/ha) than with lablab (1,382 kg/ha).
- Treatment
- sunn hempe0
- Interactor
- sunn hemp
Crotalaria junceae0other - Outcome
- benefit to DMYe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 4,134 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 1,382 kg/hae0
- Comparator
- lablabe0
LablabOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“A greater benefit to DMY occurred when sunn hemp was the intercrop (4,134 kg/ha) compared with that of lablab (1,382 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping maize with lablab reduced the proportion of weeds in the crop to 17.1% compared with 20.5% in monoculture with ears.
- Treatment
- lablabe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- proportion of weeds in the crope0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 17.1%e0
- Qualifier
- CE, 20.5%e0
- Comparator
- CEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“Intercropping with sunn hemp was also more effective in reducing the proportion of weeds in the crop than with lablab (CE, 20.5%; CLE, 17.1%; CCE, 9.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping maize with sunn hemp reduced the proportion of weeds in the crop to 9.9% compared with 20.5% in monoculture with ears, and was more effective than lablab.
- Treatment
- sunn hempe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- proportion of weeds in the crope0
- Direction
- more effective in reducinge0
- Value
- 9.9%e0
- Qualifier
- than with lablabe0
- Comparator
- CEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“Intercropping with sunn hemp was also more effective in reducing the proportion of weeds in the crop than with lablab (CE, 20.5%; CLE, 17.1%; CCE, 9.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to monoculture silage, silage from intercropped legumes showed a slight reduction in dry matter (26.6 to 25.9%).
- Treatment
- intercropped legumese0
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 26.6 to 25.9%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture silagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“Relative to monoculture silage, the intercropped legumes resulted in a slight reduction in dry matter (26.6 to 25.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative to monoculture silage, silage from intercropped legumes showed an increase in crude protein (10.0 to 11.9%, P < 0.05).
- Treatment
- intercropped legumese0
- Outcome
- crude protein (CP)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 10.0 to 11.9%e0
- Comparator
- monoculture silagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“Relative to monoculture silage, the intercropped legumes resulted in a slight reduction in dry matter (26.6 to 25.9%), but an increase is crude protein (CP) (10.0 to 11.9%) (P < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
The neutral detergent fiber content of the silages was not affected.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“The neutral detergent fiber content of the silages was not affected”
Claim · model-written summary
Acid detergent fiber of the silage increased from 32.9% in monoculture to 38.3% when intercropped with legume, an effect more pronounced in the absence of ears.
- Treatment
- intercropped with legumee0
- Outcome
- acid detergent fibere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.9% in monoculture to 38.3%e0
- Qualifier
- more pronounced in the absence of earse0
- Comparator
- monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“acid detergent fiber increased from 32.9% in monoculture to 38.3% when intercropped with legume; this effect was more pronounced in the absence of ears”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn-legume intercropping did not affect the silage fermentation process, even when ears were removed before ensiling.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Zea mays L.”
e0“without affecting the fermentation process, even when the corn ears were removed before ensiling”
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