Abstract
The defoliator, Xanthodes graellsii (Feisth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] in Ghana. The larvae are very destructive resulting in reduced leaf surface area and photosynthesis. Studies were conducted to assess the efficacy and residual toxicity of some selected chemical and biological insecticides for control. Chlorpyrifos at 1200 mL ha-1, Lambda-cyhalothrin at 800 mL ha-1, Bacillus thuringiensis (16 000 International Units mg-1) at 400 g ha-1, and water as control at 100 000 mL ha-1, were fortnightly applied in the field at 3, 5, and 7 weeks after seedling emergence (WASE) on okra cv. Boto in the 1995 and 1996 early season crop. Pre-spraying assessment of leaf damage and larval numbers of X. graellsii were carried out prior to every treatment. Chlorpyrifos gave the most effective protection to okra leaves, followed by B. thuringiensis. The 14th WASE recorded the highest fruit yield with chlorpyrifos-sprayed plots recording the highest yield, followed by B. thuringiensis-, cyhalothrin-, and water-sprayed (control) plots in decreasing order of yield. Residual effectiveness of the three insecticides against the 4th instar larvae of X. graellsii was evaluated by comparing the percentage mortality of larvae on treated leaves at 1, 4, 9, and 14 days after the 7th WASE application. Chlorpyrifos had the highest residual effect in terms of larval mortality, followed by B. thuringiensis. Irrespective of the insecticides used, larval mortality decreased after initial insecticide application. One day after insecticide application, chlorpyrifos and cyhalothrin gave a good kill (>95%), but did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from that of B. thuringiensis. Chlorpyrifos, however, maintained a better residual effect in terms of larval mortality.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos gave the best protection of okra leaves, followed by B. thuringiensis.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentuse0 - Treatment
- Chlorpyrifose0
- Interactor
- Xanthodes graellsiie1pest
- Outcome
- protection to okra leavese0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Comparator
- B. thuringiensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Chlorpyrifos gave the most effective protection to okra leaves, followed by B. thuringiensis”
e1“The defoliator, Xanthodes graellsii (Feisth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit yield was highest at 14 WASE, with chlorpyrifos plots ranking first.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Organ / stage
- 14th WASEe0
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifos-sprayede0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- water-sprayed (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 14th WASE recorded the highest fruit yield with chlorpyrifos-sprayed plots recording the highest yield, followed by B. thuringiensis-, cyhalothrin-, and water-sprayed (control) plots in decreasing order of yield”
e1“pest of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorpyrifos produced the highest residual larval mortality, followed by B. thuringiensis.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- Chlorpyrifose0
- Interactor
- X. graellsiie2pest
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- B. thuringiensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorpyrifos had the highest residual effect in terms of larval mortality, followed by B. thuringiensis”
e1“pest of okra”
e2“larvae of X. graellsii”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval mortality declined over time after insecticide application.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- insecticidese0
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irrespective of the insecticides used, larval mortality decreased after initial insecticide application”
e1“pest of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
One day after application, chlorpyrifos and cyhalothrin killed over 95% of larvae and did not differ significantly from B. thuringiensis.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Treatment
- chlorpyrifos and cyhalothrine0
- Outcome
- good kille0
- Direction
- did not differ significantlye0
- Value
- >95%e0
- Comparator
- B. thuringiensise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“One day after insecticide application, chlorpyrifos and cyhalothrin gave a good kill (>95%), but did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from that of B. thuringiensis”
e1“pest of okra”
The same questions in other papers
chlorpyrifos · pest · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.