Abstract
Nickel (Ni) availability in soil varies as a function of pH. Plants require Ni in small quantities for normal development, especially in legumes due its role in nitrogen (N) metabolism. This study investigated the effect of soil base saturation, and Ni amendments on Ni uptake, N accumulation in the leaves and grains, as well as to evaluate organic acids changes in soybean. In addition, two N assimilation enzymes were assayed: nitrate reductase (NR) and Ni-dependent urease. Soybean plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum were cultivated in soil-filled pots under two base-cation saturation (BCS) ratios (50 and 70%) and five Ni rates - 0.0; 0.1; 0.5; 1.0; and 10.0 mg dm(-3) Ni. At flowering (R1 developmental stage), plants for each condition were evaluated for organic acids (oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, tartaric, fumaric, oxaloacetic, citric and lactic) levels as well as the activities of urease and NR. At the end of the growth period (R7 developmental stage - grain maturity), grain N and Ni accumulations were determined. The available soil-Ni in rhizosphere extracted by DTPA increased with Ni rates, notably in BCS50. The highest concentrations of organic acid and N occurred in BCS70 and 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni. There were no significant differences for urease activity taken on plants grown at BSC50 for Ni rates, except for the control treatment, while plants cultivated at soil BCS70 increased the urease activity up to 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni. In addition, the highest values for urease activities were reached from the 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni rate for both BCS treatments. The NR activity was not affected by any treatment indicating good biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) for all plants. The reddish color of the nodules increased with Ni rates in both BCS50 and 70, also confirms the good BNF due to Ni availability. The optimal development of soybean occurs in BCS70, but requires an extra Ni supply for the production of organic acids and for increased N-shoot and grain accumulation.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
DTPA-extractable soil Ni in the soybean rhizosphere increased with Ni rates, notably at BCS50.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Ni ratese0
- Outcome
- available soil-Ni in rhizosphere extracted by DTPAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- notably in BCS50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“The available soil-Ni in rhizosphere extracted by DTPA increased with Ni rates, notably in BCS50”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest concentrations of organic acids and N occurred at BCS70 with 0.5 mg dm(-3) Ni.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- highest concentrations of organic acid and Ne0
- Qualifier
- BCS70 and 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Nie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“The highest concentrations of organic acid and N occurred in BCS70 and 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni”
Claim · model-written summary
At BCS50 urease activity of soybean did not differ significantly among Ni rates, except for the control treatment.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni ratese0
- Outcome
- urease activitye0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- except for the control treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“There were no significant differences for urease activity taken on plants grown at BSC50 for Ni rates, except for the control treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At BCS70 soybean urease activity increased with Ni rate up to 0.5 mg dm(-3) Ni.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Nie0
- Outcome
- urease activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- soil BCS70e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“plants cultivated at soil BCS70 increased the urease activity up to 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest urease activities were reached at the 0.5 mg dm(-3) Ni rate in both BCS treatments.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- highest values for urease activitiese0
- Qualifier
- 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni rate for both BCS treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“the highest values for urease activities were reached from the 0.5 mg dm(-3) of Ni rate for both BCS treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reductase activity in soybean was not affected by any treatment, which the authors take to indicate good biological nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- any treatmente0
- Outcome
- NR activitye0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“The NR activity was not affected by any treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The reddish color of soybean nodules increased with Ni rates at both BCS50 and BCS70.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni ratese0
- Outcome
- reddish color of the nodulese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean”
e0“The reddish color of the nodules increased with Ni rates in both BCS50 and 70”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that optimal soybean development occurs at BCS70 but requires an extra Ni supply for organic acid production and increased shoot N and grain accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- optimal development of soybean occurs in BCS70e0
- Qualifier
- requires an extra Ni supplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal development of soybean occurs in BCS70, but requires an extra Ni supply for the production of organic acids and for increased N-shoot and grain accumulation”
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