Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus) is aromatic herb that has been utilized in traditional medicine. To improve the phytochemical constituents and pharmaceutical quality of sweet basil leaves, ultraviolet (UV)-B irradiation at different intensities (2.30, 3.60, and 4.80 W/m²) and durations (4, 6, 8, and 10-h) was applied at the post-harvest stage. Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were measured using spectrophotometric method, and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. As a key enzyme for the metabolism of flavonoids, chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, was measured using a CHS assay. Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activity of extracts against a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, respectively. UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC approximately 0.85-fold and also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content. The highest TPC and individual phenolic acid (gallic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid) was observed in the 3.60 W/m² of UV-B treatment. Cinnamic acid and luteolin were not detected in the control plants, production being induced by UV-B irradiation. Production of these secondary metabolites was also significantly influenced by the duration of UV-B irradiation. Irradiation for 8-h led to higher TFC, TPC and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids than for the other durations (4, 8, and 10-h) except for cinnamic acid, which was detected at higher concentration when irradiated for 6-h. Irradiation for 10-h significantly decreased the secondary metabolite production in sweet basil leaves. CHS activity was induced by UV-B irradiation and highest activity was observed at 3.60 W/m² of UV-B irradiation. UV-B treated leaves presented the highest DPPH activity and antiproliferative activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 56.0 and 40.8 µg/mL, respectively, over that of the control plants (78.0 and 58.2 µg/mL, respectively). These observations suggest that post-harvest irradiation with UV-B can be considered a promising technique to improve the healthy-nutritional and pharmaceutical properties of sweet basil leaves.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² increased total flavonoids about 0.85-fold.
- Taxon
- Sweet Basil
Ocimum basilicumt0 - Treatment
- UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m²e0
- Outcome
- TFCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.85-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC approximately 0.85-fold”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² increased quercetin content 0.41-fold.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m²e1
- Outcome
- quercetine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.41-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content”
e1“UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² increased catechin content 0.85-fold.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m²e1
- Outcome
- catechine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.85-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content”
e1“UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² increased kaempferol content 0.65-fold.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m²e1
- Outcome
- kaempferole0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.65-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content”
e1“UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² increased rutin content 0.68-fold.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m²e1
- Outcome
- rutine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.68-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content”
e1“UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² increased luteolin content 1.00-fold.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m²e1
- Outcome
- luteoline0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.00-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content”
e1“UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m² increased TFC”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² yielded the highest total phenolic content.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m² of UV-B treatmente0
- Outcome
- TPCe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“The highest TPC and individual phenolic acid (gallic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid) was observed in the 3.60 W/m² of UV-B treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B at 3.60 W/m² yielded the highest named phenolic acids.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- 3.60 W/m² of UV-B treatmente0
- Outcome
- gallic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acide0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“The highest TPC and individual phenolic acid (gallic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid) was observed in the 3.60 W/m² of UV-B treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B induced cinnamic acid production absent in controls.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- UV-B irradiatione0
- Outcome
- Cinnamic acide0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“Cinnamic acid and luteolin were not detected in the control plants, production being induced by UV-B irradiation.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B induced luteolin production absent in controls.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- UV-B irradiatione0
- Outcome
- luteoline0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“Cinnamic acid and luteolin were not detected in the control plants, production being induced by UV-B irradiation.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B duration significantly influenced secondary metabolite production.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- duration of UV-B irradiatione0
- Outcome
- Production of these secondary metabolitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“Production of these secondary metabolites was also significantly influenced by the duration of UV-B irradiation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight hours of UV-B gave higher flavonoid and phenolic content than other durations.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Irradiation for 8-he0
- Outcome
- TFC, TPC and individual flavonoids and phenolic acidse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other durations (4, 8, and 10-h)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“Irradiation for 8-h led to higher TFC, TPC and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids than for the other durations (4, 8, and 10-h)”
Claim · model-written summary
Six hours of UV-B gave higher cinnamic acid concentration.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- irradiated for 6-he0
- Outcome
- cinnamic acide0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“cinnamic acid, which was detected at higher concentration when irradiated for 6-h”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten hours of UV-B decreased secondary metabolite production.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- Irradiation for 10-he0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolite productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“Irradiation for 10-h significantly decreased the secondary metabolite production in sweet basil leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B induced chalcone synthase activity, highest at 3.60 W/m².
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- UV-B irradiatione0
- Gene
- CHSe0
- Outcome
- CHS activitye0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“CHS activity was induced by UV-B irradiation and highest activity was observed at 3.60 W/m² of UV-B irradiation.”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B treated leaves had higher DPPH activity.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- UV-B treated leavese0
- Outcome
- DPPH activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 56.0e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“UV-B treated leaves presented the highest DPPH activity and antiproliferative activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 56.0 and 40.8 µg/mL, respectively, over that of the control plants (78.0 and 58.2 µg/mL, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
UV-B treated leaves had higher antiproliferative activity.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Treatment
- UV-B treated leavese0
- Outcome
- antiproliferative activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 40.8 µg/mLe0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“UV-B treated leaves presented the highest DPPH activity and antiproliferative activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 56.0 and 40.8 µg/mL, respectively, over that of the control plants (78.0 and 58.2 µg/mL, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend postharvest UV-B to improve basil leaf nutritional and pharmaceutical quality.
- Taxon
- Sweet BasilOcimum basilicumt0
- Outcome
- post-harvest irradiation with UV-Be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)”
e0“post-harvest irradiation with UV-B can be considered a promising technique to improve the healthy-nutritional and pharmaceutical properties of sweet basil leaves.”
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