Abstract
Fusarium wilt causes severe yield losses in cash crops. Nitrogen plays a critical role in the management of plant disease; however, the regulating mechanism is poorly understood. Using biochemical, physiological, bioinformatic and transcriptome approaches, we analyzed how nitrogen forms regulate the interactions between cucumber plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC). Nitrate significantly suppressed Fusarium wilt compared with ammonium in both pot and hydroponic experiments. Fewer FOC colonized the roots and stems under nitrate compared with ammonium supply. Cucumber grown with nitrate accumulated less fusaric acid (FA) after FOC infection and exhibited increased tolerance to chemical FA by decreasing FA absorption and transportation in shoots. A lower citrate concentration was observed in nitrate-grown cucumbers, which was associated with lower MATE (multidrug and toxin compound extrusion) family gene and citrate synthase (CS) gene expression, as well as lower CS activity. Citrate enhanced FOC spore germination and infection, and increased disease incidence and the FOC population in ammonium-treated plants. Our study provides evidence that nitrate protects cucumber plants against F. oxysporum by decreasing root citrate exudation and FOC infection. Citrate exudation is essential for regulating disease development of Fusarium wilt in cucumber plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate suppressed Fusarium wilt relative to ammonium.
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- Nitratee0
- Outcome
- Fusarium wilte0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- ammoniume0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate significantly suppressed Fusarium wilt compared with ammonium in both pot and hydroponic experiments”
t0“Cucumber Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate reduced FOC colonization of roots and stems relative to ammonium.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- nitratee0
- Interactor
- FOCe0pathogen
- Outcome
- FOC colonized the roots and stemse0
- Direction
- Fewere0
- Comparator
- ammonium supplye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer FOC colonized the roots and stems under nitrate compared with ammonium supply”
t0“Cucumber Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-grown cucumber accumulated less fusaric acid after FOC infection.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- nitratee0
- Interactor
- FOCe0pathogen
- Outcome
- accumulated less fusaric acid (FA)e0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- ammonium supplye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber grown with nitrate accumulated less fusaric acid (FA) after FOC infection”
e1“compared with ammonium supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-grown cucumber had increased tolerance to chemical fusaric acid.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- nitratee1
- Outcome
- tolerance to chemical FAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- ammonium supplye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exhibited increased tolerance to chemical FA by decreasing FA absorption and transportation in shoots”
e1“Cucumber grown with nitrate”
e2“compared with ammonium supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-grown cucumber showed lower fusaric acid absorption and shoot transportation.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- nitratee1
- Outcome
- FA absorption and transportation in shootse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Comparator
- ammonium supplye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing FA absorption and transportation in shoots”
e1“Cucumber grown with nitrate”
e2“compared with ammonium supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-grown cucumbers had lower citrate concentration.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- nitratee0
- Outcome
- citrate concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- ammonium supplye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower citrate concentration was observed in nitrate-grown cucumbers”
e1“compared with ammonium supply”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower citrate concentration was associated with lower MATE family and CS gene expression.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse0
- Gene
- MATE (multidrug and toxin compound extrusion) family gene and citrate synthase (CS) genee0
- Outcome
- citrate concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower citrate concentration was observed in nitrate-grown cucumbers, which was associated with lower MATE (multidrug and toxin compound extrusion) family gene and citrate synthase (CS) gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower citrate concentration was associated with lower citrate synthase activity.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse0
- Gene
- CSe0
- Outcome
- CS activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A lower citrate concentration was observed in nitrate-grown cucumbers, which was associated with lower MATE (multidrug and toxin compound extrusion) family gene and citrate synthase (CS) gene expression, as well as lower CS activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate enhanced FOC spore germination.
- Taxon
- cucumber plantsCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Citratee0
- Interactor
- FOCe0pathogen
- Outcome
- FOC spore germinatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrate enhanced FOC spore germination and infection”
e1“interactions between cucumber plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate enhanced FOC infection.
- Taxon
- cucumber plantsCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Citratee0
- Interactor
- FOCe0pathogen
- Outcome
- infectione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrate enhanced FOC spore germination and infection”
e1“interactions between cucumber plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate increased disease incidence in ammonium-treated plants.
- Taxon
- cucumber plantsCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- Citratee0
- Interactor
- FOCe0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Citrate enhanced FOC spore germination and infection, and increased disease incidence and the FOC population in ammonium-treated plants”
e1“interactions between cucumber plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate increased the FOC population in ammonium-treated plants.
- Taxon
- cucumber plantsCucumis sativuse2
- Treatment
- Citratee1
- Interactor
- FOCe0pathogen
- Outcome
- FOC populatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased disease incidence and the FOC population in ammonium-treated plants”
e1“Citrate enhanced”
e2“interactions between cucumber plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute nitrate protection to reduced root citrate exudation and FOC infection.
- Taxon
- cucumber plantsCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- nitratee0
- Interactor
- F. oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- protects cucumber plants against F. oxysporume0
- Qualifier
- decreasing root citrate exudation and FOC infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“nitrate protects cucumber plants against F. oxysporum by decreasing root citrate exudation and FOC infection”
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